Foucault – Power/Knowledge

Foucault’s theorisation of the power/knowledge relationship Foucault in theorizing the relationship between power and knowledge basically focused on how power operated in the institutions and in its techniques. The point is how power was supported by knowledge in the functioning of institutions of punishment. â€Å"He places the body at the centre of the struggles between different formations of power/knowledge. The techniques of regulation are applied to the body† (Wheterell et al. , 2001: 78) Power is the ability to control others or one’s entity. Accordingly it can be defined as a kind of strength or as an authority. There are various theorisations about the meaning of this term in sociology thus it would be hard to give a comprehensive definition. Is power a relationship? What kind of outcome does it produce? Can it modify behaviour and can it reduce the power of others? (Waters, 1994: 217) All of these questions can be answered in a different way. The point might be over whom and upon what can this power be exercised. Foucault frequently uses power and knowledge together in the phrase power/knowledge. He claims these two are inseparable. A general expression exists which conjoins the two into â€Å"knowledge is power. † Foucault reverses the logic of this expression in arguing that possession of knowledge does not give one power but gaining power means having knowledge at the same time as â€Å"knowledge is already deeply invested with power† thus it is better to agree on â€Å"power is knowledge†. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 643) Knowledge can be expounded as the awareness of some fact or as a skill that the individual achieved or inherited. In Foucault’s interpretation both idea turned up in the analysis of the â€Å"Panopticon† and the â€Å"plague stricken town†. Being aware of the events happened somewhere is knowledge and this knowledge gives power to those whom got to know about that events although this knowledge could not have been acquired in the lack of power as there would not have been any opportunity to get into a position which allows the observation to get to know something. That is the basis of Foucault’s idea about knowledge and power as oneness and the reason for why is important to think other about the â€Å"power is knowledge† and â€Å"knowledge is power† correspondence. Discipline and Punish (1975) is Foucault’s best genealogical investigation. Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 643) At the beginning he describes a public torture which was a totally accepted from of punishment in the 18th century. Dramatically introduces the whole process without attitudinizing as those days public execution was a common event, the illustrated torture was as real as he presents it. As norms and attitudes changed in lat ter centuries public tortures has become not popular anymore, people were sentenced to go to prison where a completely different penalty system has been running. Foucault describes typical activities and every day life of the inmates. The point of these two presentations is to show that the changes of methods of punishment correlate with cultural and social changes in the all-time society. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 648) In the second part he â€Å"draws a parallel between the aggressive mechanism used by plague-stricken cities in the late seventeenth century and Bentham’s Panopticon which was intended to be the model for the perfectly rational and efficient prison. † (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 648) The point of these comparisons is to reveal how knowledge developed and how this development influenced the society. As knowledge grows and becomes deeper the new understanding of the social and physical world â€Å"generates new locations for the application of power†. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646) Foucault describes two old mechanisms which was widely used, the public execution as an old form of punishment and the actions against plague that emerged in a town. A new type of punishment became popular which aims to punish the soul not the body as it was common before. There is no more physical torture but torture of the soul. These two old mechanisms alien to the latter methods: the usage of new strict rules that determines the prisoner’s life and the new method of control, the idea of the Panopticon which put surveillance from only one place forward. When plague turned up the old system followed the then methods of observation and surveillance, plague was everywhere thus the supporting power must have been mobilized. In this case â€Å"power is mobilized; it makes itself everywhere present and visible; it invents new mechanism; it separates; it immobilizes† etc. o make people act as it was expected in these conditions (because of the plague almost every interactions must have been stopped in the interest of getting rid of the disease). (Foucault, 1975) The Panopticon instead of exercising power from several sides emphasises the importance and perfection of the surveillance focus from one place. The Panopticon is a building which has an annual part in the periphery and a tower in the centre. Next to omitting little details its most important feature is the ability to see into every cells without being visible. The panoptic mechanism arranges spatial unities that make it possible to see constantly and to recognize immediately. † (Calhoun et al. , 2007: 209) The consciousness of being watched make people put on their best behaviour, their best way of acting thus the inmates do not commit any further crimes as it usually occurs that could happen without being watched. The operation of this building gives the opportunity to work with less employees because only a few overseers necessary being in the tower to check all the cells continuously. This way only a few supervisors needed to control these employees thus it is more economical. The supervision of the plague-stricken town would have cost a lot as a complex system ran which needed a big amount of labour force. As techniques develop and new forms of penalty system emerge costs become lesser. Knowledge grows and makes institutions more efficient as knowledge itself is efficient. â€Å"As knowledge grows the techniques of discipline and surveillance multiply such that power takes on an ever-increasing number of forms. † (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646) The question is if knowledge produces more power or comes from power. The major effect of the Panopticon is to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. â€Å" (Calhoun et al. , 2007: 210) Accordingly power is what is functioning all the time and knowledge could not be without presence of power. Although as Faucault (1975) claims: â€Å"power and knowledge directly imply one another; there is no power relation without the correlati ve constitution of a field of knowledge, nor any knowledge that does not presuppose and constitute at the same time power relations†. Thus knowledge and power can not exist independently from each other. Benthams laid down two principles about power relating to the Panopticon: it must be visible and unverifiable. The inmates will constantly have before their eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which they are spied upon and must never know whether they are being looked, but they must be sure that they may always be so. (Calhoun et al. , 2007: 210) These two principles give the opportunity to exercise power over the prisoners. The other very important thing is that this system is not only successful in prison but in every kind of institutions. Could be practiced in school or even in an office, people became successfully regulated by the power if vision. The idea of the Panopticon is a metaphor for the general presence of a new penalty system which is called the disciplinary society by Foucault. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 644) This society is disciplined by being constantly watched and punished by excluded them from normal society. Criminals and those whom do not follow the laid down rules are not punished in front of public anymore. There is no need to express power visibly to gain belief in it. Waters, 1994: 231-232) â€Å"Panopticonseque surveillance has become so effective that individuals now sanction and normalize their own behaviour without any prompting, surveilling and disciplining themselves as if they were simultaneously the inmate and guard of their own self-produced Panopticon. † (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646) What if that surveillance is not that effective and something breaks the discipline? The w hole system can lose its power when turns out that this observation is not accurate. Surveillance must be continuous all the time otherwise people lose their belief in the power of it. Once someone realises that can commit an offence or just do something against the rules without being caught the whole system can be questioned. The best example for this is public cameras all over the streets nowadays, although people know that they are visible whatever they do still commit crimes and do unacceptable things. The offender can not be completely sure about being watched or not. The same situation prevails in a school or office where the employees and students know that they can be lucky and might be not watched. If once punishment does not take place the individual can take under consideration the fact of being always watched thus disciplined behaviour is not guaranteed anymore. Foucault’s genealogical investigation is about to look on how power/knowledge and forms of punishment changed during the past few centuries. â€Å"Until turn of the nineteenth century criminal deviance was controlled by public attacks on the offender’s body. † (Waters, 1994: 231) Public execution was quite common in the 18th Century (although it is still ongoing even today in some countries), â€Å"Foucault identifies such punishments as political rituals†. Waters, 1994: 231) Torture was the expression of power, presented how the offender is punished if commits an offence against the only sovereign power. This sovereign power was one â€Å"centralized authority, like a king†. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 643) According to Foucault punishment went through another two stages since pub lic tortures (which is the first stage). This form of punishment is considered unacceptable nowadays, but not because it goes too far, â€Å"rather it is because punishment and the power that guides it have taken new, more acceptable forms. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 643) Punishment became invisible and kinder to the body, to be disciplined was the point rather than to be punished. The second stage of penal practices was based on surveillance and discipline what was aimed to harm the mind. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 644) Public execution can be considered as a terrible kind of punishment, but torture of the mind is the worst. Physical pain could have been unbearable during these public tortures but psychical pain over years and years is tougher as it has no end. With the birth of prison power started to practice the new, less crucial form of penalty which may be more sinister than it seems. Foucault’s three stages can be distinguished by the time period when that form of punishment were popular, by the basis of authority/power was in power, and by the methods how these punishments were practiced. In the 18th Century, as it was mentioned before, the penalty system was leaded by a central authority which could have been a king or one single corporation of the government. The method was a kind of â€Å"public corporal punishment† that is in Foucault’s Discipline and Punish the public execution, the public torture. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646 Table 15. 2) In addition this torture took place in public. Later on among so many changes torture as a public spectacle disappeared. (Foucault, 1975) The second phase of punishment emerged in the 19th-20th Century when the basis of power was a decentralized institution. Methods were based on surveillance and discipline like in Bentham’s Panopticon or in the plague-stricken town. Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646 Table 15. 2) Today, in the 21th Century we are in the third stage of punishment where there are multiple principles about the authority of the penalty system, multiple self-regulations exist and power is diffusive. The trend of the second phase is intensified in the third. â€Å"Power has become destructed and individualized†, â€Å"disciplinary individuals† turned up . â€Å"No longer are social structures and specific institutions necessary for the exercise of power and the meting out of punishment. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646) In Discipline and punish Foucault analyses the ways how the offender is disciplined in different punishment regimes. In early times punishments were crude, â€Å"prisons were places into which the public could wander†. (Wheterell et al. , 2001: 78) The latter form of regulation and power became private. Inmates were closed into prisons with an invisible system. Public could not see into these institutions anymore. Punishment became individualized and â€Å"the body has become a site of a new kind of disciplinary regime. Of course this body is not simply the natural body which all human beings possess at all times. † (Wheterell et al. , 2001: 78) Knowledge determines this body, the knowledge about the offence and offender. â€Å"This body is produced within discourse †¦ the state of knowledge about crime and criminal, what counts as true about how to change or deter criminal behaviour†¦ This is a radically historicized conception of the body. † (Wheterell et al. , 2001: 78) Foucault carried out a genealogical analysis of punishment and discipline. This analysis, among others, was based on the power/knowledge relationship which was at least as altering as the forms of the penalty systems were showed in the historical review. Various techniques were used to punish and these techniques were influenced by the exercised power in one place one time. The perfect institution to practice power and discipline/punish offenders is the building of the Panopticon. According to Foucault this building is the answer for all questions turned up with other methods of punishment. Bibliography Appelrouth, Scott and Laura Desfor Edles. 2007. Classical and contemporary sociological theory: text and readings. Pine Forge Press: 641-665. Calhoun, Craig J. , Joseph Gerteis and James Moody. 2007. Contemporary sociological theory. Wiley-Blackwell: 209-216. Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline & punish. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Waters, Malcolm. 1994. Modern sociological theory. SAGE: 217-233. Wetherell, Margaret, Stephanie Taylor, Simeon Yates. 2001. Discourse theory and practice: a reader. SAGE.

Objective Reality Cannot Exist Without Subjective Reality Essay

The topic of Meta-Ethics pertaining to whether moral values are objective or subjective, and whether or not as a society we should be able to intervene on another society if we do not believe what they are doing is morally ethical, is quite a large topic. How can we come up with a solid answer as to whether or not there are universal human values, and whether certain things should be considered right for everyone are very difficult questions to answer, we must be wary as to not insult different cultures, religions and societies. It has been concluded that an objective reality cannot exist without a subjective reality, in order to reach this conclusion, we must first consider that morality is wholly subjective, if this is so, we cannot call anything wrong, what we believe is right or wrong is simply an individual’s opinion on a subject. As an example, if someone killed several children from an elementary school, if morality is subjective, all anyone is able to say is that from an individual perspective it was wrong, from the perspective of the killer it may have been (in their opinion) the highest moral good. However, if reality is objective, then we can say that what the killer did was wrong. If one believes that killing is something that is truly wrong, then you believe in objective moral value, and in that case one must ask; how far do objective morals stretch, and where do they come from? If one believes that the wrongfulness of killing is simply a matter of perspective, then one should ask; why does society have the right to tell me what to do if morality is merely a matter of perspective? We cannot truthfully choose one way to look at the world, because the world is not black and white, there are many grey areas and many exceptions people would have to their beliefs, because of this we cannot have an objective reality without a subjective reality. Let us look at the cultural differences on morality, if a North American  (male) citizen is asked the question â€Å"Should women have the same rights as men?† the answer would more than likely be yes, if however this question was asked to a Saudi Arabian (male) citizen, the answer would more than likely be no. Whose opinion is correct? The North American would say their opinion is, and the Saudi Arabian would say their opinion is. In this situation, do we as North Americans have the right to impose our views on another society when we believe their views are wrong? The only reason one could justify imposing their societies views on another society is if that society is giving a different gender, race, or person’s with a different sexuality the same rights. In this example it would be that Saudi Arabia does not give women the same rights as men. In this situation human rights and equality are involved, and another society should interfere in order to help the individuals who do not have the equal rights. As North Americans we could say that this is not our problem, and that because it is not our culture or society, we have no right to interfere. Saudi Arabia would most likely agree, we have no right to interfere, and that it is there culture, society and religion, thus it is up to them to decide how to live, but simply put in the case of human rights, it is not a matter of society; culture, or religion, human rights are a universal issue and as people, we cannot let other people be treated as less than us. â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.† (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 1) Simply put, the only articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that should be kept and enforced are those pertaining to human rights, equality and freedom. Any other articles included should be disregarded, and laws should be decided by country. It is very important that we begin to enforce the human rights and equality articles to each country because these are the most important to the human race as a whole, we must advance our societies, and our people together, and societies with more advanced living and understand should willingly help societies that have not yet made it there. We as people should feel incredibly sad, and motivated to help when we see other people who are not being treated as equals, anyone of us could be in that situation, and we should be grateful we are not. We must do all  we can as a society to help those in need. It is crucial that all countries begin to work together in order to help those who are not being treated with the rights they deser ve.

Las Fallas de Valencia Spain’s Annual Festival of Fire

Las Fallas de Valencia is an annual springtime festival in Valencia, Spain, which takes place from March 15 to March 19, ending on the feast day of St. Joseph. The festival’s origins are rooted in Iberian pagan equinox celebrations, but much of the festival has adopted Catholic meanings in the centuries since its conception.   Firework displays, live music, and traditional costumes feature prominently in Las Fallas celebrations, but the true focal point of the festival is the hundreds of towering cartoonish monuments that fill the streets of Valencia. On the final night of Las Fallas, these monuments are ceremoniously set ablaze and burned to the ground. Fast Facts: Las Fallas de Valencia Las Fallas de Valencia is an annual celebration of the coming of spring, celebrated by burning artistic monuments in the tradition of ancient Valencian carpenters. The festival also includes street parties, parades, and ornate 18th Century costumes.Key Players/Participants: Falleras and Falleros, or members of neighborhood groups. Each neighborhood group is called a Falla. Event Start Date: March 15 (annual)Event End Date: March 19 (annual)Location: Valencia, Spain Origins   Las Fallas de Valencia features a combination of elements that have been added to the ancient tradition of welcoming the springtime. Over the centuries, the festival has transitioned into a massive celebration and tourist attraction that brings at least one million visitors to Valencia every year. Las Fallas was added to UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2016. Pre Christianity The term Las Fallas refers to the elaborate monuments that are made and then burnt during the festival. According to local legend, Las Fallas emerged from the spring cleaning practices of pre-Christian Iberian carpenters. During winter, these craftsmen would construct parots, wooden beams with torches which allowed them to continue their work with fewer daylight hours. To mark the transition from winter to spring, the carpenters would clear their warehouses of the parots, piling them up and burning them in the streets. Though no records of these early years exist, traditional folklore tells the story of carpenters competing for the biggest bonfire. The competition mounted, drawing in neighborhood support, and soon the carpenters were crafting shapes and characters out of wood and papier-mà ¢chà ©. These characters would eventually become the towering monuments that adorn the streets of contemporary Valencia during Las Fallas. The first recorded documentation of Las Fallas, a municipal decree prohibiting the burning of these monuments in the narrow streets of the city, dates back to March 1740. The contents of the document indicate that a tradition had already been established. Catholicization Before the 15th Century, Spain was a collection of kingdoms loosely tied together by Catholicism in the north and Islam in the south. Valencia was once ruled by Spains historic hero El Cid. The marriage of King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I united the Kingdom of Castile in the north and the Kingdom of Aragon in the south, establishing the Kingdom of Spain. The new kingdom was unified under the Roman Catholic Church, and pagan traditions and festivals began to adopt Catholic elements. For example, Las Fallas de Valencia celebration concludes on March 19th, the feast day of St. Joseph. Raising the Fallas  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The humble celebration of the Iberian working class has transformed over the centuries into an event funded and facilitated by the wealthiest Valencian families. The neighborhood committee, also called fallas, now collects membership dues, commissions artists, and hosts verbenas, street parties that continue all night.   These influential community members can be identified by their matching neighborhood falla group jackets with their names emblazoned across the front, or by their traditional 18th Century handmade costumes. Falleras and Falleros   McKenzie Perkins   The Valencians that don the traditional costumes are called falleras and falleros. The hand stitched dresses and tight hairstyles that feature prominently on Valencian women, young and old, are one of the most widely recognized features of Las Fallas de Valencia. Sourced from China, the silk for these traditional dresses was initially brought back through Filipino and Latin American colonies, across the Atlantic and into Spanish ports. Contemporary fallera dresses are typically one of a kind, with prices starting at â‚ ¬2,000 and reaching â‚ ¬15,000 and beyond ($2,250–$17,000). Each neighborhood falla committee selects one adult, a fallera mayor,  and one child, a fallera mayor infantil, to represent the neighborhood. The community-wide fallera mayor and fallera mayor infantil are chosen from this pool of falleras. The responsibilities of these women extend beyond Las Fallas, as they make public appearances and speeches at all major religious and cultural events in Valencia over the course of the year. Fallas Structures   McKenzie Perkins  Ã‚   Commissioned annually by neighborhood falla committees, the towering structures—also called fallas, from which the festival takes its name—take 12 months to design and build. Contemporary fallas reach as high as 30 feet and get larger and more elaborate every year. Fallas are constructed out of wooden scaffolding and covered in a combination of cardboard, papier-mà ¢chà ©, and polystyrene foam (Styrofoam). The foam is sanded down into shapes and characters and painted in vibrant colors. While every falla will burn on the final night of Las Fallas de Valencia, one smaller falla, called a ninot, from the winning falla collection is selected to be placed in the Fallas Museum. Winners are determined by a City Hall committee. Fallas typically take on the shape of medieval or modern characters, usually to illustrate a political or satirical message. In recent years, fallas have featured prominent figures such as United States Presidents Donald Trump, Barack Obama, and George W. Bush, former Catalonian President Carles Puigdemont, and contemporary popular culture figures like Lady Gaga and Shrek. Events of Las Fallas de Valencia Although the official celebration is held March 15–19, events begin as early as the final Sunday of February and extend until the early hours of March 20th.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   La Crida On the final Sunday of February, the Valencian community gathers in front of the Torres Serranos, the medieval city gates, to hear speeches by the mayor of the city, the Fallera Mayor, and the Fallera Mayor Infantil. The night concludes with the first official firework display of Las Fallas. Fireworks: Mascleta and Nit del Foc   Sarah Mendez / Getty Images   Beginning on March 1, crowds gather in the Plaza del Ayuntamiento to see the Mascleta, a fireworks show that occurs daily at 2:00 p.m. from March 1–March 19. The displays are approximately eight minutes long, starting relatively slowly and ending with a terremoto, or an earthquake, of hundreds of cannons releasing fireworks simultaneously. As a daytime firework exhibition, Mascleta is more of an audio experience than a visual one, but at least one Mascleta every year features plumes of color. Officially, nighttime fireworks occur on weekend nights in March leading up to Las Fallas and every night during the festival, but unofficially, individual firework displays light up the city skies for weeks. The officially sanctioned pyrotechnical exhibitions take place in Plaza del Ayuntamiento or in the Turia riverbed park, just below the Puente del Aragon. The most exceptional firework exhibition occurs on the Nit del Foc, or the night of fire, as a welcome to the final day of the celebration. La Ofrenda de Flores David Ramos / Getty Images   On March 17 and 18, falleras dressed in their traditional 18th century clothing parade from all the neighborhoods in the Valencian Community, each carrying flowers to offer to the Virgin Mary. A wooden scaffolding of the Virgen de Los Desemparados—the Virgin Mary of the Helpless, the protector of Valencia—is erected in the Plaza de La Virgen, beside the Valencia Cathedral. Each bunch of flowers offered by the falleras is strategically placed within the scaffolding. By the end of the offering, the Virgen’s dress is entirely made up of the white and red flowers. The parades last until well after midnight on both nights of La Ofrenda, bringing in thousands falleras and falleros from everywhere in the Valencian Community. After the completion of the offering, the scaffolding, complete with the flower dress, is paraded through the city and returned to the Plaza da La Virgen, where she sits in front of the cathedral and the basilica as a guardian of the city. A relatively new practice, La Ofrenda was officially established in 1945, and the first wooden scaffolding of the Virgen to hold the bouquets of flowers was erected in 1949. St. Joseph’s Feast Day The feast day of St. Joseph honors the earthly father of Jesus Christ on the final day of Las Fallas de Valencia, paying homage to St. Joseph as the patron saint of carpenters.   La Crema   McKenzie Perkins   After the sun sets on March 19, the skyline of Valencia lights up as the falleras mayores ignite the fallas, and the crowd watches as the structures turn to ash. The burnings start around 10:00 p.m., though the falla located in Plaza del Ayuntamiento is not burned until after 1:00 a.m.   Contemporary Problems Xaume Olleros  / Getty Images   As Las Fallas de Valencia has grown in popularity amongst tourists, the city of Valencia has struggled to maintain the infrastructure that protects the most treasured and historic part of the city. As of 2019, residents have filed official complaints against the degradation of historical monuments with both the city and UNESCO, which designated La Lonja de La Seda as a protected World Heritage Site. Additionally, air pollution from burning polystyrene foam has promoted neighborhood falla committees to consider returning to tradition construction materials of wood and papier -mà ¢chà ©.

Charles Zavala Credits Communication Skills - 892 Words

As Founder and CEO of Cal-Spectrum Painting, Charles Zavala credits communication skills as a crucial key to gaining success as an entrepreneur. Founded in 2001, Cal-Spectrum has become one of the premier painting companies nationwide, with jobs ranging from Miami, Florida to Portland, Oregon. Fast-forward nearly 14 years and with half a million dollars in revenue, and LA Fitness as one of the company’s biggest clients, it is hard to dispute the success of Charles Zavala. When Charles first started the company he was the only full-time employee, doing all the painting himself. It was not until the company grew larger with more clients that he would eventually start hiring additional workers. At that moment he realized that in order to gain success communication was a skill he would have to master. He understood that, â€Å"Just because you’ve spoken words to a client doesn t mean you’ve communicated†(Van Theon, 2014, para.1). Communication to him, is finding a common ground between his clients and his workers, so the job can be completed to their specifications. Hiring workers comes with added responsibilities and Charles found this out rather quickly. As the owner he had very high expectations for his newly hired workers. With deadlines and a high demand for his work, Charles was starting to feel the pressure. He would yell at workers if they we not doing a job fast enough. Eventually he came to realize yelling was not the answer and that chemistry between workers had a

Child Neglect and Its Consequences Essay - 1773 Words

This paper explores the numerous effects neglect has on a childs development. If a child lacks the necessary attachment and stimulation during the critical first years, they will have profound developmental issues throughout life. Possibly the most important aspects that are affected by neglect are the brain and a childs social development. Looking into the case of the Romanian orphans, readers will be able to see the harsh consequences. Severe neglect is child abuse that often goes unnoticed and is hard to reverse. By understanding the implications of neglect, we can intervene earlier in order to prevent severe cases from becoming irrevocable. Keywords: neglect, attachment, development Introduction†¦show more content†¦Although severe neglect isnt highly prevalent in todays society, it is still an important issue to be discussed. Without knowledge of the outcomes, there will be no motivation to intervene on the childs behalf. Review of Literature Impact of Neglect on the Brain In many cases of neglect, there has been an association with the brain failing to form appropriately. This causes impaired physical, mental, and emotional development (DePanfilis, 2006). A childs brain learns to adapt to a less than positive environment and this stunts the process of normal development. The brains of neglected children are not integrated and this causes difficulties in emotional, social, and cognitive development. The sensitive period, during the first two years of life, is a critical time in which brain activity faces severe psychosocial deprivation if faced with neglect and is unlikely to be recovered (Vanderwert, Marshall, Nelson III, Zeanah Fox, 2010). Children who have experienced neglect in multiple areas, global neglect, may have significantly smaller brains than the norm. This indicates they have fewer neurological connections, leading to lifelong intellectual disadvantages (DePanfilis, 2006). 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Professionally and personally, I have encountered situations where child abuse is present. This reality has touched my life in many ways and these experiences continue shaping me as a human being and as social service provider. I will try to cover in this paper the subject of child abuse, itsRead MoreThe Connecti on between Child Abuse and Crime Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesEvery year, child abuse and neglect affect more than one million children nation-wide (Currie and Tekin 1). Along with this, child abuse is the source of severe injury to more than 500,000 children and the death of over 1,500 children (Currie and Tekin 1). These outrageously large numbers reveal the extent to which child abuse and neglect impact society; however, they do not acknowledge the effect abuse can have on a child’s life and the repercussions that may occur in both the individual’s childhoodRead MoreIt Is General Knowledge That Being Abused As A Child Will1332 Words   |  6 PagesIt is general knowledge that being abused as a child will leave lasting impressions on them even into their adult life. The severity of the abuse does change how much of an impression was made, but, nonetheless, abuse leaves nothing but negative results. It will affect how children handle issues and communicate with ot hers. It will likely worsen their grades in school and, if the child’s relationship with their parents is still bad, they will continue into a downward spiral later on in life. PeopleRead MoreAbstract. A Strong Family Foundation Can Establish Positive1543 Words   |  7 Pagesestablish positive outcomes in children, this includes a parent and child having a good relationship. On the other side of the spectrum a family full of violence and child abuse can establish negative outcomes and consequences in a child’s well being and quality of life. The mental and psychological health of this child can be compromised due to not having a stable home. The objective is to research the relationship between child abuse and quality of life in abused children. Both male and female childrenRead MoreThe Long Term Ramifications Of Child Abuse And Neglect1478 Words   |  6 Pagesramifications of child abuse and neglect are profound and may endure long after the maltreatment has occur red. Individuals that undergo such abuse either physically or mentally may affect various aspects of their development. The outcome of abuse and neglect can range from minor effects to fatal situations. In the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† Dill was emotionally damaged and neglected by his parents. In 2006, an estimated 905,000 children were victims of child abuse or neglect. Statistically, the

Organizational Change Considered Riskiest †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organizational Change Considered Riskiest? Answer: Introducation Organizational change is considered to be the riskiest and most shaking things on earth that is planned by any business enterprise. But a successful reorganization can set an organization on the path to success like nothing else actually can (Swanson, Territo Taylor, 2016). Change that threatens valued professional or any of the occupational identities is problematic. For me, change is not a variable. Rather, it is a set of deeply embedded habits and ways of looking at the world that desire to work for its cultural members. Therefore, there are limits to an extent up to which cane can be directed or hastened (whatever the case may be). I have seen people resist changes for illogical reasons. The main reason behind it is sense of fear or power loss. Organizational change- it is the secret to bring successful change in an organization. Three words are communicate, communicate and communicate. Nowadays, contemporary organization face rapid change like it was never before. With the emergence of globalization, Account has huge opportunities for attainment of growth and revenue. The diverse markets deal with wide variety of needs as well as expectations of the strong customers and collaborators at the same time. Now the question arises for the stakeholders, the answer is analysis of stakeholders has increased where some of the Executives have been convicted of illegitimate actions in their business enterprise. It is all about understanding the capability to handle change after continuing for meeting the needs of stakeholders as it is one of the essential skills that should be present in leaders and managers in competitive world environment (Sharif Scandura, 2014). Efforts are made constantly by the leaders and managers for accomplishing and engaging in significant change as it is inherent in their jobs. Probably that we realize that some are very good at this effort and othe r still struggle and fail Change programs in an organization fail because of lack of knowledge. There is a huge gap between what individual know and what they do. All the information in real terms are not applied and all the talent that are not being used actually cost business billions of dollars every year (Carter et al., 2013). The other reason for failure of change program is lack of skill and practice. Individuals do not have the required skills and expertise that is actually needed to plan a change for any business enterprise. For instance, Hewlett-Packard paid consideration to the transformation of leadership from stable, independent business environment to unbalanced surroundings as well as finally gained the positive result of change management. Later, HP had to face unexpected challenges where the company had to adjust to a major reorganization and had to merge with Compaq. The line managers did not support as needed and therefore decision-making activities were slow (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). Change programs in an organization fail because of hidden conflicts working against change (Anderson, 2016). Some of the leaders have proper understanding on how to lead change but they do not put those facts into action. Other reason for failure is culture working against change. It is according to the research that leaders of victorious changes get people at all levels who get involved by keeping them in the loop and listening to their ideas and taking ownership for their part of change. For instance, the case study focus on culture clash between Schroders and Salomon Smith Barney who belong to Citigroup investment bank where they need to be integrated when two banks merged for solving the cultural issues and implemented successful change management. After that, it is noted that cultural issues was big pitfalls in the process of merging two banks and it is insane to lose sight of the pressure as well as role of society in the procedure of change management (Cameron Green, 2015). Identifying the concepts of corporate objectives and assess an organization with information accessible in the public domain The corporate objective of Wesfarmers Limited is to provide satisfactory return that is in accordance to the needs of shareholders (Sheth Sisodia, 2015). In addition, the Australian company main objective s to meet the level of performance to attain future goals and objectives. The company focuses on capital efficiency techniques for retaining the topmost position. The company actually looks for ways for improving their working capital efficiency for all their business and ensures string regulation in relative to capital expenditure as well as other speculation decision that is required to be made. The company aims at optimizing shareholder returns by using dividend policy where the main approach is related to capital management as well as disciplined portfolio management at the same time ("Wesfarmers.com.au", 2017). While looking at the acquisition of business, it is noted that the Group had applied filters. The company actually applies a long-term horizon for undertaking investmen t decisions for creating value for the shareholders for given period of time. Discuss marketing orientation concepts Production concept- Production concept is one of the conceptions that is the oldest thought in trade. In addition, the concept holds the fact that customers will favor products that are widely obtainable as well as inexpensive. It is the managers who mainly focus on the concept as it deals with achieving high production efficiency, mass distribution and low costs. In this concept, it was assumed that consumers will show interest towards products that are available at lower prices (Hutchinson et al., 2015). Selling concept- Selling concept is one of the concepts in the marketing orientation concepts. Here, it is believed that consumers and business are left alone and will purchase enough for sale of products of the company. The business organization needs to undertake an aggressive selling as well as promotion effect (Hollensen, 2015). Marketing concept- Marketing concept is one of the business philosophies that actually challenge all the other marketing orientations. It explains the key to achieve its goal of the organization where company is more effective than its competitors (Goworek McGoldrick, 2015). Here, marketers believes in delivering as well as communicating values to the customers or selected target customers. The selected organization is Wesfarmers Limited and it uses the marketing concept as the prime concern of the business is to meet the needs and expectations of customers in the most desired way ("Wesfarmers.com.au", 2017). Core marketing strategy of an organization The core marketing strategy of Wesfarmers Limited is to create an comprehensive work surroundings by giving special concentration to gender diversity as well as enclosure of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people ("Wesfarmers.com.au", 2017). The company aims at burdening the skills as well as experience of the pool where they can draw and attract top talent of the business. They believe in providing greater alignment to the needs of the customers. The company believes in bringing improvement to creativity as well as innovation and modeling responsible corporate citizenship (Armstrong et al., 2015). Strength and weakness of present marketing strategy and give details how this strategy help the association to reach its corporate objectives The strength of Wesfarmers Limited in applying current marketing strategy is they have access to different levels of generic brands that caters to specific types of buyer ("Wesfarmers.com.au", 2017). The company occupies the topmost position and applies marketing strategy that best suits for getting access to its targeted customers. Wesfarmers Limited involves in successful promotional campaigns and had attractive pricing strategies with frequent price-cuts as well as offers that best suit with the needs of the targeted customers. The weakness of the current marketing strategy faced by Wesfarmers Limited is negative publicity that surrounds hard-line negotiation with the Australian suppliers that hurt the public sentiment towards the company ("Wesfarmers.com.au", 2017). The company faced stiff competition from other rivalry firms such as Woolworths that operates on lower margins. Reference List Anderson, D. L. (2016).Organization development: The process of leading organizational change. Sage Publications. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carter, M. Z., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), 942-958. Goworek, H., McGoldrick, P. (2015).Retail marketing management: Principles and practice. Pearson Higher Ed. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hutchinson, K., Donnell, L. V., Gilmore, A., Reid, A. (2015). Loyalty card adoption in SME retailers: the impact upon marketing management.European Journal of Marketing,49(3/4), 467-490. Sharif, M. M., Scandura, T. A. (2014). Do perceptions of ethical conduct matter during organizational change? Ethical leadership and employee involvement.Journal of Business Ethics,124(2), 185-196. Sheth, J. N., Sisodia, R. S. (2015).Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Swanson, C. R., Territo, L., Taylor, R. W. (2016).Police administration: Structures, processes, and behavior. Prentice Hall. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017).Wesfarmers.com.au. Retrieved 4 August 2017, from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au

Quran Essay free essay sample

Among the innumerable facts, this writing will contribute two facts only: First, the Quran contains many scientific facts that are only being found out recently. The Quran’s linguistic style is far superior then any other form of writing. Without a doubt men have negated and contested the truth and revelation from God including the Quran revealed to prophet Mohamed (sallahu alahi wa salaam). For that reason, men in their objection and adamant behavior suggested that the Quran is word of Mohamed or the Quran is created by Mohamed; such statement is away from the truth. Undoubtedly there are other verses in the Quran related to human development that will be understood in the future as our knowledge increases. † In the Quran, Allah (subhanahu wa tala) also speaks about the Cerebrum: ( ) ( ) (Nay! If he (Abu Jahl) ceases not, We will catch him by the forelock (the front part of the brain also known as the prefrontal lobe) (15) A lying, sinful forelock! (96:15-16) Why does Allah describe the front part of the brain to be lying and sinful? In recent research scientists have found out that the prefrontal lobe actually controls a person’s decision making, cognitive behavior, personality expression, and moderating social behavior (Yang, Y Prefrontal structure†¦). We will write a custom essay sample on Quran Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This part of the brain also deals with the creation of thoughts and actions (Miller, Earl the prefrontal cortex†¦). This shows that the prefrontal lobe is the part of the brain that may engage in sinful behavior and entices someone to lie or not. This also shows that the Quran does confirm scientific facts and there is no way an unlettered nomadic Arab man[5] in the 7th century could have known these facts. The pagan Arabs of the 7th century were for the most part isolated from the two great empires[6] at that time. The two empires did not waste their time in conquering the vast Arabian deserts because of its plain and unattractive look. The Arabs had nothing, they didn’t have any monuments, and they didn’t have masterful pieces of art. Therefore the Arabs of Mecca[7] were not much of a concern to the two empires; as well the two empires were not willing to send their forces through the dangerous deserts. Thanks to this isolation, the Arabs were able to refine their language. After a few centuries, the Arabs had shaped their language into an eloquent language where everyman was known to be a poet. The Arabs prided themselves on their language. So much so, they would have tribal battles not with swords but rather their tongues and the losing tribe would be shamed. The pagan Arabs marveled at the amazing speech of the Quran. When a person speaks he is able to organize his thoughts, but a person is incapable of organizing their words based on what they are going to say later . For example, there are two ayahs that are very much the same one ayah states: â€Å"Say (O Muhammad): Allah is enough as a witness between me and you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The other ayah states: â€Å"Say (O Muhammad): Allah is enough between me and you as a witness † The difference is sequence, in the first ayah Allah says â€Å"witness† first, and â€Å"me and you’ later. The Quran is very sensitive to context, at the end of the first ayah Allah says â€Å"†¦he is the ever all knower, all seer of his slaves†. The ayah ends speaking about Allah, the word â€Å"witness† for Allah is used first so therefore the ayah begins with Allah and ends with Allah. While the second ayah ends with speaking about people it uses â€Å"between me and you† first then â€Å"witness† second. So the ayah begins with speaking about people and ends with speaking with people. So what is about to be said in the future has a direct influence on how words are organized before. Humans are unable to do that. Prophet Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) was never known to be a composer of any types of poetry or any other forms of literature. So when they heard this literature they were amazed. â€Å"Umar bin Al-Khattab was a great enemy of the prophet. He planned to kill the prophet, but on his way he was informed that his sister had joined the religion. He immediately changed course. Upon arrival he hit his sister. He regretted what he did so asked for the paper she was reading (containing ayahs of the Quran). Once he read it he immediately went to prophet (sallahu alahi wa salaam) and accepted Islam†. Umar bin Al-Khattab was a man that was amazed by the Quran’s linguistic style and its strong meaning. This is one of the many men who accepted Islam because of the Quran’s amazing speech. The famous Arab grammarian H. Gibb had this to say about the Quran: â€Å"As a literary monument the Koran (referring to the Quran) thus stands by itself, a production unique to the Arabic literature, having neither forerunners nor successors in its own idiom. Muslims of all ages are united in proclaiming the inimitability not only of its contents but also of its style†¦ and in forcing the High Arabic idiom into the expression of new ranges of thought the Koran develops a bold and strikingly effective rhetorical prose in which all the resources of syntactical modulation are exploited with great freedom and originality. John Penrice stated: â€Å"That a competent knowledge of the Koran is indispensable as an introduction to the study of Arabic literature will be admitted by all who have advanced beyond the rudiments of the language. From the purity of its style and elegance of its diction it has come to be considered as the standard of Arabic † These two men have an understanding of the linguistic exc ellence of the Quran. Allah says: Do they not then consider the Quran carefully? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein many contradictions. (Quran 04:82). The Quran contains many palindromes; palindromes in many languages can only be done with one word. For example, in the English language the word Race Car can be written the same backward. In the Quran there are entire sentences that are palindromes. For example, in the Quran, Allah says: ( ) Magnify your Lord (Allah)! (Quran 74:3) In conclusion, the Quran has impacted the world in many ways. The Quran was not only sent to the desert Arabs but rather it was sent to all of mankind. Allah sends out a challenge, Allah (subhanahu wa tala) says: ( ) â€Å"And if you (Arab pagans, Jews, and Christians) are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down (i. e. the Quran) to Our slave (Muhammad Peace be upon him), then produce a Surah of the like thereof and call your witnesses (supporters and helpers) besides Allah, if you are truthful. † (Quran 2:23) The Quran is a revelation from Allah and it was revealed upon the tongue of Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam). The Quran contains many scientific facts ranging from embryology to the purpose of the frontal lobe. All of this presented in a beautiful linguistic form, so much so when the Quran is translated into English, the language’s primitive level is unable to display the Quran’s linguistic beauty. This renders the English native unable to appreciate the Quran in a way the pagan Arabs of the 7th century were able. The Quran reaches the top level of eloquence in the Arabic language as well as other languages. The idea of Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) being able to go from being a unlettered man to the top author in the Arabic language is impossible on all plains of reality. Therefore, the only logical reason to say is that Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) has received revelation from the Almighty. QURAN: A REVELATION? Name: Harun O. G Course: GLE20 Teacher: Ms. Vacar Date: April 09, 2011 1]sallahu alahi wasalm means peace be upon him [2] Allah is the Arabic word for God and is preferred(to Muslims) [3] subhanahu wa tala means glorified and exalted be he(Allah) [4] Ayat: this is the plural version of Ayah, this word does not have a direct translation in English but the closest one is verse. In other places in the Quran ayah means signs. [5] According to sources Prophet Muhammad (sallahu alahi wasalm) was a illiterate man [6] Persian and Roman empire [7] Is found in Saudi Arabia and is th e holiest city for Muslims