Lower the college tuition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lower the school educational cost - Essay Example Since instruction depends on the beliefs of chance for all and higher individual headway, expanded educational cost costs ruin the guarantee of training and make it just accessible to the tip top citizenry. Training should be meritocratic in nature and that implies that individuals are acknowledged into colleges and universities over this nation dependent on their capacities and not the abundance of their folks. Instruction is the manner by which individuals get through social hindrances like class and benefit. Is it genuine that training is merit-based? Is it genuine that America’s thoughts regarding advanced education depend on the idea that it permits individuals to propel, progress and push ahead throughout everyday life? A fundamental thought behind the human science of instruction is that it advances more noteworthy equity and depends on legitimacy and equivalent open door for all. The development of training in the previous 200 years in the United States is an amazing development which has assumed expanded social correspondence and made society a superior spot. Short of what one hundred years prior, the instructive organizations of this nation were shut to ladies, ethnic m inorities, for example, African-Americans and an entire pack of other social gatherings. Is astounding that while quite a while prior instructive open doors were denied to over half of the populace, today training should be accessible to all. Training should advance social fairness and when educational cost is high and far off for some understudies, it advances division dependent on social class and confines the open doors for some certified understudies (Conley, 59-72). Taking a gander at the open doors related with advanced education, scholastics Persell and Cookson considered instruction and benefit. They confirmed that through instruction â€Å"the transmission of benefit is fundamental to the multiplication of an

Sports as a Tool of Integration

Presentation What is sport? As indicated by the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The significance of â€Å"sport† is , action that you accomplish for delight and that needs physical exertion or expertise, normally done in a unique territory and as per fixed guidelines. Through Wikipedia, sport is all types of physical movement which, through easygoing or sorted out support, plan to utilize, keep up or improve physical wellness and give diversion to members. Game might be serious, where a victor or champs can be recognized by target implies, and may require a level of aptitude, particularly at more elevated levels. Several games exist, including those for a solitary member, through to those with many concurrent members, either in groups or contending as people. Some non-physical exercises, for example, table games and games are once in a while alluded to as sports, however a game is commonly perceived as being situated in physical physicality. What is reconciliation? Concurring a similar Dictionary , the significance of â€Å"integration† is, the demonstration or procedure of joining at least two things with the goal that they cooperate (=of incorporating them) . Web shows â€Å"Integration† (from the Latin number, which means entire or whole) for the most part implies consolidating parts with the goal that they cooperate or structure an entirety. * It is a demonstration or occurrence of consolidating into an essential entirety. * It is a demonstration or example of incorporating a racial, strict, or ethnic gathering. * It is a demonstration or case of coordinating an association, spot of business, school, and so on. SPORTS as an apparatus of INTEGRATION More than simply being about control and certainty, games unite the individuals paying little heed to their experience. SPORTS are for the most part types of physical exercises that add to wellness, mental prosperity and social association. They incorporate play, diversion, sorted out easygoing or serious games just as indigenous games and games. By their very nature, sports basically indicate support. They are about consideration and citizenship. Sports exercises unite people and networks, featuring shared characteristics and spanning social or ethnic partitions. The simple and inborn capacity of sports to bring individuals ogether make them an amazing specialized device. Sports give a gathering to learn abilities, for example, control, certainty and authority and center standards, for example, acknowledgment, collaboration and regard. Sports clarify the estimation of exertion and how to oversee triumph just as thrashing. The principal components of sports make them a suitable and reasonable device to help the accomplishment of country advancement. Partaking in exercises will likewise help decrease t he probability of numerous sicknesses emerging from a stationary and latent way of life. Sports programs are powerful devices for social assembly, supporting wellbeing exercises and they can give business and add to nearby turn of events. They support volunteerism and can be used to lead non-legislative changes and change activities. Sports can cut across obstructions that isolate social orders, making them a useful asset to help struggle counteraction and harmony building endeavors. At the point when applied viably, sports programs advance social combination and cultivate resistance, help decrease pressure and create exchange. The idea of â€Å"Sports for All† is key to the comprehension of sports. This idea means to amplify access to and interest in suitable types of physical exercises. Accentuation is set on interest and openness for all gatherings in the public arena paying little mind to sexual orientation, age, capacity or race. A considerable lot of the guiding principle characteristic in sports are good with the standards important for advancement and harmony, for example, reasonable play, participation, sharing and regard. The fundamental abilities learned through games help enable people and improve psycho-social prosperity, for example, expanded versatility, confidence and association with others. These highlights of sports are advantageous to individuals all things considered yet they are particularly indispensable to the sound improvement of youngsters who will acquire places of intensity and duty in government associations. Sports are significant apparatuses to start social turn of events and improve social union, particularly when executed among youngsters. At the point when social and individual aptitudes are consolidated, sports can be a successful medium to mediate in a person’s capacity to conclude whether to mishandle or not misuse drugs. This is particularly obvious when components of sports are joined with instruments and structures giving medication related data and fundamental abilities preparing. Sports can handle reasons for adolescent wrongdoing by helping young people make constructive associations with grown-ups and their friends, by incorporating them into useful exercises inside society and by giving valuable exercises. Other than , sports can be a successful apparatus for enabling young ladies and ladies, given that they are frequently prohibited from support and from making the most of its physical and psycho-social advantages. By straightforwardly testing and scattering misperception about women’s abilities, coordinated games programs help to decrease segregation and extend women’s job. To wrap things up , sports can incorporate people with inabilities into society, giving a field to constructive social cooperation, decreasing confinement and separating partialities. Sports programs for the incapacitated are likewise financially savvy strategies for recovery. They are exceptionally helpful, improving engine abilities and expanding versatility, independence and self-assurance. The advantages are to be sure colossal and in a perfect world games can stretch out to beforehand unchartered regions of tries and oversee human clashes. Sports will keep on serving human turn of events. What is â€Å"SPORT FOR ALL/ELITISM† The twin ideas of Sport for all (where everybody is energized and has the chance to participate in their preferred game, independent of any social or social contrasts, for example, riches, sexual orientation or age) and Sporting greatness (where the absolute best entertainers are given extra help with the goal that they may arrive at global achievement) can viably be appeared in the structure of an exhibition pyramid. There are four level: At establishment level †small kids are acquainted with don and learn essential development aptitudes and an inspirational demeanor to physical movement through a wide assortment of exercises, conceivably through their schools pe program. At investment level †youths decide to partake in chosen exercises for delight and companionships, just as for wellbeing and wellness. This might be through extra-curricular school exercises, neighborhood focuses and clubs. At execution level †members are focused on acting in officially sorted out exercises at higher club and territorial levels. They are quick to improve their norm, train normally and get instructing. At greatness level †tip top entertainers speak to their nation in national and worldwide rivalry. They will be completely dedicated to their game, and will, at times, train full time and get money related, managerial, clinical and individual help. The Sport for All battle was propelled in the UK in 1972 by the Sports Council. The Sports Council was, and remains, the impetus and all through, the on-going effort has urged accomplices and associations to join the crusade. Along these lines administering assemblages of game, neighborhood specialists through their recreation and pleasantry boards of trustees, nearby games gatherings, sports focuses and clubs have joined to elevate what they bring to the table. Points: * Increase the pace of cooperation. * Improve execution at all levels. * Establish and strengthen the rule that the arrangement of chance to partake in sport and physical diversion is a social assistance. * Promote the idea that normal physical action is valuable to wellbeing. * To improve the personal satisfaction. Destinations: The advancement of game inside objective gatherings of non-members. * The advancement of greatness on the side of the administering assemblages of game. * Targeting downtown and zones of social hardship. * Attracting sponsorship and monetary interest in sport. * The decrease of coronary illness. * Opening up of characteristic assets, for example, streams, lakes, repositories, open country, waterfront regions, slop es and mountains for recreational use. Game in Olympics (model) Sports have been bringing individuals from everywhere throughout the world together since the principal Olympics in Greece numerous years back. Sports bring individuals a since of achievement however more critically, solidarity. When playing a game, regardless of whether it is with numerous individuals or without anyone else, you must have the option to speak with colleagues and mentors. On the off chance that you are playing the game without anyone else, odds are you have a mentor there next to you some place. Correspondence is critical with regards to solidarity. It permits you to mention to your different players or mentor what is happening in a specific game circumstance so as to play as the game well. In a group setting, you realize your group is brought together when there is trust on the field or court. You must have the option to believe your colleague will make the significant catch to get you the first down or trust in your partner to score the triumphant container to win the title. Now and again you get the significant whiz in your group yet your group can't win. It is on the grounds that his/her players can't speak with him/her and subsequently they can't confide in him. This group lost the game before they at any point began in light of the fact that without trust ability amounts to nothing. Trust brings solidarity and is the way to dominating matches. Also, sports have made solidarity among unassuming communities, enormous urban areas, and countries everywhere throughout the world. At the point when certain occasions, for example, the Olympics or the World Cup are played individuals will accumulate at the occasion, in a bar or at a friend’s house hung in their nationâ€?

Parallels between Entrepreneurship and Sports

Parallels between Entrepreneurship and Sports Sports have become a big business. From merchandise to ticket sales, endorsements to cable channels, the business of sports is an industry that generates millions of dollars in revenue every year. No longer simply a game, sports have turned into full-scale productions with commercial endorsements, announcers and news coverage. Even novice athletes have succumbed to the pressure of trying to make the cut as a professional athlete.Oftentimes, business is referred to as a game, where the winner is the entrepreneur who finds success. In this case, the playing field is the office and the players within the game are the different companies that compete for customers in the industry. Make no mistake â€" the competition within the ranks of business is just as fierce as on a field, and the antics of business entrepreneurs can be strikingly similar to famous athletes.There are similarities between the world of entrepreneurs and the world of athletes â€" parallels that can give direction to bus iness executives who are trying to succeed on the playing field of economics. © Shutterstock.com | SingkhamThis article will explore the 1) similarities between entrepreneurs and sports, 2) ways to maximize strengths, 3) training opportunities, 4) strategic planning methods for the big game, as well as 5) ways to evaluate success. In addition, it will take a look at 6) sports athletes who became entrepreneurs after leaving the sports arena.SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURS AND SPORTSBefore understanding the parallels between sports and business, it is necessary to understand how entrepreneurs and athletes are similar. Let’s begin by examining the characteristics of an entrepreneur. There are seven key characteristics that successful entrepreneurs possess and are worth exploring.Passion. Most entrepreneurs are driven by a passion for their business. It is the force that keeps them burning the midnight oil, working weekends and holidays. A sincere belief that the work they are doing is important can keep the entrepreneur working through rough times.Tenacity. When things are going well, it is easy to go to work. The successful entrepreneur, however, continues to work even when things get difficult. When faced with failure, the entrepreneur refuses to give up and will find ways to be successful, despite roadblocks that may occur.Vision. Seeing a path to success is a trait that entrepreneurs possess. In spite of naysayers, the entrepreneur can set a path towards the vision that they have for their business.Self-confidence. An entrepreneur has the confidence that they will be able to succeed, and is more willing to take risks because of that self-confidence. They know that they are in a unique position to succeed, due to their confidence in their abilities.Flexibility. The role of an entrepreneur demands flexibility. Being able to make changes, take on additional job responsibilities or move the business in a different direction is a key characteristic of a successful entrepreneur.Rule-breaking. A willingness to break the rules is another important aspect of a successful entrepreneur. By defying conventional wisdom, the entrepreneur is able to create new technologies, processes and products that revolutionize the business world.Tolerance for fear. It can be frightening to assume the risk of starting a business, venture into an unknown field or ask for funding for a product that doesn’t yet exist. The entrepreneur must be able to move beyond the fear by harnessing it and using it as fuel.Interestingly, those same seven characteristics can be identified in athletes, although they are applied in different ways.Passion. Athletes who succeed in their sport exhibit a passion for their sport. Generally characterized by the person who ‘eats, sleeps and dreams’ about their sport, they are passionate about playing the game they love.Tenacity. The athlete who wishes to move beyond the ‘weekend warrior’ status must possess a level of tenacity. Tenacity drives the athlete to continue to train even in the off-season, and to return to the game even after an injury.Vision. A successful athlete has a clear vision of themselves as a winner. They can envision the end result of the game â€" and they have the victory. Regardless of the odds stacked against them, they are single-minded in their vision.Self-confidence. To engage in a game where thousands of others have played, and determine that one will be the best player requires a level of self-confidence many athletes do not possess. The ones who use their self-confidence as a tool will enjoy a higher level of success.Flexibility. Playing a game professionally requires flexibility: weather conditions, playing arenas, field position, teammates, coaching staffs are all variables that can change without warning. Being able to remain flexible is imperative for the successful athlete.Rule-breaking. While the rules of the game can’t be broken, the athlete must be willing to break the rules of society that try to discourage someone from reaching greatness. T he athlete must be one who refuses to follow the set path towards mediocrity.Tolerance for fear. It can be overwhelming to train for years for the opportunity to perform at the highest level of athleticism. Competing in large scale arenas, against legendary athletes, may allow fear to cripple an athlete. The successful athlete, however, moves beyond the fear and still performs.Understanding the similarities between entrepreneurs and athletes can be helpful when drawing parallels between the sports arena and the business office. Possessing some of the same characteristics, the entrepreneur and the athlete may wear different clothes to work, but go about their jobs in the same way.How Sports Prepare You to Be an Entrepreneur WAYS TO MAXIMIZE STRENGTHSThe similarities between the entrepreneur and the athlete are striking. To be successful in either arena â€" the business office or the playing field â€" the participant must learn to maximize their strengths and negate their weaknesses.F or an athlete, knowing the particular strengths one possesses is vital to success in the game. A soccer player who can master the left-foot shot is a key player when the score is tied and there is a play in the goal box. The runner who can maintain a reserve of energy until the last lap of a four lap race will have an advantage over the other runners who are gasping for every bit of air.For the entrepreneur, understanding the strengths one possesses is equally as important. The businessperson who excels at bringing in new clients will not thrive if they are trapped in the office every day. A salesperson who can confidently ask for million dollar contracts will thrive when given the opportunity to make the presentations.In order to maximize strengths, both the athlete and the entrepreneur must identify the strengths that they possess, and then move into a position to use them. The entrepreneur who can target new business should leave the daily office work to others, while focusing on acquiring new work. The athlete who maintains a reserve of energy must be able to identify when to call on that reserve to move to the front of the pack. Regardless of the strength, it is useless unless it can be put to work. Identify the strength, and then harness it.Through discovery of strengths, weaknesses can often be identified. Establishing ways to minimize the weakness within a company will help in gaining an advantage over competitors. Often, finding a way to solve a weakness can become the means to new revenue, thus turning the weakness into strength. Look for ways to maximize strength, while minimizing weakness.TRAINING OPPORTUNITIESA remarkable thing happens at the beginning of every sports season: the athletes report for training. Players at the top of their game are side by side with the new players, conditioning and training. The successful athlete knows that if they are to continue to compete, they have to stay in shape; the only way that can happen is through train ing.Entrepreneurs must approach growth and development the same way. It must be a continuous part of the business cycle. Find opportunities for development within the industry through trade shows, conferences and conventions. These can be ‘boot-camp’ type sessions that add value and knowledge, helping the entrepreneur remain at the front of their industry. Join networking groups that meet regularly. By meeting other entrepreneurs, even ones who are not in the same industry, there is a sharing of information and ideas that keep skills sharp and toned.Another way that entrepreneurs can remain ‘in shape’ is by subscribing to (and reading) trade magazines and journals that deal with business applications. Management books, business practice methods and other books that can give guidance and ideas are all valuable tools in keeping an entrepreneur at the top of their game. No time to read? Consider using podcasts, audio books and electronic books and blogs to supplement reading ti me.Maintain certifications, acquire additional education credits in the industry or take courses to broaden the scope of the business. By continuing to grow and develop, the entrepreneur can maintain a competitive edge, while improving their business.STRATEGIC PLANNINGA successful athlete knows that it is impossible to become successful alone. That is why an athlete may have a coach, a trainer, a nutritionist, a physical therapist and more who are all working together to help propel the athlete to success. There are several aspects that must be taken into account when preparing for sports and few athletes can consider all of them adequately. The athlete’s coach, then, is often one of the most important people in the athlete’s arsenal; bringing together the different aspects of the athlete’s training for strategic planning. It is often the coach who establishes a training schedule, outlines nutritional plans and prioritizes the physical conditioning. The athlete who wishes to b e successful will follow the coach’s plan.For the entrepreneur, the business ‘coach’ may be called a consultant or mentor. Establishing a relationship with a mentor who can provide guidance and advice is a key to a successful business. Another important aspect of being successful in business is the development of a strategic plan. A well formulated plan can give direction and guidelines for growing a business, and can help maintain an advantage within the industry.Putting together a team of people to act as coaches and mentors for a business can be tricky. To help engage the people who are in a position to offer assistance, it may be worthwhile to find an accelerator. The start-up community is rich with mentors and businesses that have navigated the waters of starting a company and can be vital to helping entrepreneurs succeed.In sports, as well as business, establishing a plan for success is vital. Identifying the people who can help propel others to success must be included in the plan.WAYS TO EVALUATE SUCCESSIn athletics, it can be easy to identify success: it’s the team (or athlete) who wins. An athlete, however, typically wants to be a consistent winner and is not content with a one and done success rate. That’s the reason so many athletes continue to return to a sport year after year â€" determined not to be considered a ‘lucky’ winner. For these athletes, success can be measured in the long-term. While it is impossible to win every game or match, an overall winning standing can be an indicator that the athlete is successful in their sport. Athletes who repeatedly deliver a win are regarded as the elite in their sport. These athletes set records, hold titles and collect trophies and medals that indicate their mastery of the sport.In the business world, trophies are generally not handed out as an indicator of success. Similar to their counterparts in the athletic world, however, most entrepreneurs are not content to be a one shot wonder and seek success for the duration. The way that success is measured, however, can be different for every entrepreneur.Monetary success is certainly a clear indicator of ‘winning’ the business game. Achieving financial successes can be exhilarating as a company realizes it’s potential and reaches sales goals and targets. Companies can exhibit the reward of winning this match through IPOs, sales quotas and revenue figures.Another indicator of success to the entrepreneur may be the ability to live a particular lifestyle. Having flexibility to establish one’s own office hours, determine where to live and what possessions to spend money on are often a way that entrepreneurs demonstrate success.For others, the ability to act in humanitarian efforts may be the largest indicator of success â€" being able to help others is their ultimate in entrepreneurship winning.No matter what winning looks like, it is important to have a clear picture of success. Identifying the end goal of the game will help the entrepreneur know when they have reached it. A periodic evaluation of the success of the company can provide direction and inspiration to the entrepreneur as the company gets closer to its goal.SEA Conference Presentation: The Connection between Entrepreneurship Competitive Games Sports SPORTS ATHLETES WHO BECAME ENTREPRENEURS George Foreman © Wikimedia commons | Paul DickoverFinding athletes who have traded the playing field for the business office can be instrumental in understanding the parallels between entrepreneurship and sports.George Foreman: Legendary boxing champion, George Foreman started a line of kitchen appliances designed for healthier grilling. After hanging up his boxing gloves, his company earned more than he ever made in the ring. He added to his collection a line of cleaning products and clothing. Dave Bing © Wikimedia commonsDave Bing: One of the NBA’s 50 greatest players, this basketball legend was a seven time all-star. When he stopped making three-pointers, he started a steel mill in Detroit and propelled it to become one of the top 10 African American owned companies in the United States, with sales of over $200 million.   Roger Staubach © Wikimedia commonsRoger Staubach: Five time all-NFC choice, this star quarterback led the NFL in passing yards during his career. When he retired from the grid-iron, he formed a real estate company that had 50 offices in three countries and was eventually purchased for over $600 million.Tony Hawk: Skateboard superstar, Tony Hawk has mastered (and invented) skateboard tricks that are mind-boggling. While continuing to perfect his sport, he began a company to provide skateboarders with top of the line equipment, established a clothing line and partnered with a video production company to create video games about skateboarding.Wayne Gretzky: Legendary hockey player, Gretzky holds 61 NHL records. When he gave up his rink time, he started his own restaurant and winery.What Entrepreneurs Can Learn from LeBron James on Startup Failures Successes Seeing the parallels between entrepreneurship and sports can help give entrepreneurs motivation as they enter the business arena. Image credit:  Wikimedia commons | Paul Dickover under Attribution 2.0 Generic, Dave Bing © Wikimedia commons and Roger Staubach © Wikimedia commons under public domain.

An Issue Of Academic Integrity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 814 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Integrity Essay Did you like this example? This fall semester was my very first semester as a master’s student in the university. Being the first semester international student, it was probably the most difficult semester for me as I had to cope up with different education system and a different lifestyle which also included a peer pressure to excel in studies. Amidst this peer pressure to excel in studies and coping up with the different environment, I fell short of realizing how important ethics matter on a professional and academic level. I was caught cheating during my final exam of artificial Intelligence I in which I had carried previous semester’s question paper solutions. Back in my home country almost all the students have a habit of using question papers for reference and for better preparation of exams. Continuing the same culture, I ended up finding previous semester question papers online. It was an open exam and so I carried those notes to exam as well for reference and did not really think of it as an academic dishonesty. I completely understand that there are no excuses to cheating and I strongly believe that I should have been more careful, and I take responsibility for all my actions. Doing something like this in that moment did not really made me think about the consequences of my actions as somewhere down in my head it was not something wrong that I was doing. However, after being caught by my Professor and after going through the University Honor Code I do realize that cheating is a kind of dishonesty which I am not willing to choose never ever in the future. I would like to maintain integrity in all my actions and not do something so terrible in future. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Issue Of Academic Integrity" essay for you Create order Going on Disciplinary Probation and getting a grade of zero for that final exam therefore affecting the overall GPA of that subject were two consequences of the choice which I made, but apart from this the major consequence of my action is moral bankruptcy and damage of my reputation which I am facing in front of my Professor and parents. This incident had made me bring a positive change in my behavior. Firstly, I would be very careful and take responsibility of all my actions. Even though all the University policies were available for all the students, I did not pay attention and carelessly accessed previous semester’s question papers. An important lesson to learn cheating always results in losing self-respect, others’ trust and punishments. Being an honest person is more important and gracious in the long run of life. As, this choice was solely mine, so it has mainly impacted me emotionally, mentally and academically but a few people around me are being also affected by this. My peers and acquaintance who came to know about this experience of mine have known the results of this action and are also determined to never do something so terrible like this. Me and my peers have decided to strive to be successful and thorough in our endeavors, without taking shortcuts. I completely agree that cheating or any form of academic dishonesty is unacceptable, and every student is expected to comprehend and demonstrate what academic honesty consists of. The student conduct process has really helped me develop a deeper understanding of academic integrity. I agree to the fact that before this incident the definition of academic integrity was undeveloped, surface-level concept, but with the help of Virtual Academic Integrity Laboratory (VAIL) I understood that it is more complex than I could conceptualize. Moreover, writing down a reflection paper offered me the opportunity to consider this experience and shape my thinking and the acceptance of new understanding of academic integrity. I believe if I ever come across same scenario in the future, I would really like to make a different choice than the one which I made in this case. I would uphold my sense of morals and high ethical standards as I have realized how important ethics matter on a professional and academic level. Falling for short cuts is never going to help in the long run of life. In future, I would never try to access for previous semesters’ question papers or any other resources online which are against the University’s academic integrity policy. Moreover, I would ask my professor or the teaching assistant about any material which I am skeptical and if it could be carried to the examination hall or not. First and the foremost thing which I did to fix any negative impact of this incident was that I went through all the University’s academic integrity policy and comply with the standard guidelines as outlined so that I am fully aware about all the things that I am not allowed to do and hence no form of dishonesty is ever repeated by me intentionally or unintentionally in the future.

A Theory Of Counseling Children - 1421 Words

Kelly Jean Tucker HPC 5220 Theoretical Paper The following paper describes a theory of counseling children that incorporates aspects of developmental theory, person-centered , reality, and acceptance-commitment therapy (ACT). Main Philosophy: This theory is specifically geared towards working with children in a developmentally appropriate manner. A therapist must assess the developmental/individual needs of the child, the environment, and how the two interact. There are many levels in an environment such as hierarchies and roles that exist in a family. A therapist must conceptualize how these levels interact and how these interactions impact the child. For example, a child may be taught collectivistic values at home but is encouraged†¦show more content†¦A child’s thoughts and feelings may change as a result of therapy but thoughts or feelings do not need to change before overt behavior changes (Twohig, Hayes, Berlin, 2008, p.172). Key Concepts: This theory asserts that â€Å"children, from an early age, respond to thoughts and feelings as if they were real† (Twohig, Hayes, Berlin, 2008, p.175). In congruence with Acceptance-Commitment Therapy, a full range of thoughts and feelings are considered healthy and that it is okay to be vulnerable and experience psychological pain (Twohig, Hayes, Berlin, 2008). Similar to Erickson, crises are viewed as an opportunity for growth (Wenar Kerig, 2006). Thoughts and feelings are not viewed in all-or-none terms such as â€Å"good/bad† or â€Å"rational irrational† (Greco, Barnett, Blomquist, Gevers, 2008, p.190). All children have the potential to live well-adjusted lives. Maladjustment is a mismatch between a child’s developmental level, their needs, and their environment. A child may have the potential to succeed but is not currently in an environment that meets their particular needs. Children’s behavior, therefore, is a way of fulfilling th eir needs. Reality therapists support this assertion (Corey, 2010). For example, a child may be acting out in school due to not feeling accepted by their peers. The child may tease other children in retaliation or act out to receive negative attention from peers and adults. This theory also incorporates Piaget’s cognitive

My Sister Free Essays

I was three years old sitting in my front yard when one of my older sisters friends frantically comes out of nowhere and starts screaming incredibly loud towards me. I was only three, and had no idea what she was talking about. All I remember is her being completely bitter. We will write a custom essay sample on My Sister or any similar topic only for you Order Now So I was hopelessly sitting there taking it all in. Which is where my older sister Brooke burst in front of me with extreme anger and starts screaming right back at her and tells her to get lost. I felt so protected and safe by my sister that day, I miss having her around. It all started with this overwhelming feeling of being extremely claustrophobic. We arrived at the crowded airport at exactly five o’clock. Everyone crammed moving shoulder to shoulder. The plane was canceled so we had to stay shoulder to shoulder for two more long torturing hours. Finally, it was time for my big sister Brooke to get on her flight and leave for the extreme BMW ( basic military training). After this I would not be seeing my sister for several months. My sister and I are very close; It was very hard letting her go. As the plane flew miles away tears ran down my face like razor blades, my heart was cracking like someone had Just hit it with a hammer and chisel , and I had that horrible throbbing main in my throat where It hurts to swallow. After several torturous months of crying and praying for my sister, it was finally time to go see her graduate. Standing there In the excruciating sun on the curb waiting for all the airman to Jog by chanting with their running cadences with their powerful booming voices. Finally Brook’s flight jogged by and seeing her for the first time after those long months gave me so much happiness and Joy. The ceremony was pretty amazing. All that, Mitt’s (military training Instructors) gave long heart filled touching speeches which made my family and I cry. After all hose tears and amazing speeches each airman got granted a united States Alarm Force coin. After the 2 hour ceremony we finally got to go see our graduated Airman. My family and I were overwhelmed with Joy and couldn’t stop crying. After leaving the Alarm Force base we all went out to eat at a pizza parlor. After filling our stomachs with pizza and soda pop, Brooke told us all about BMW how It was hard and demanding but after a while she started to get used to It. Also how It was really good at times, because of all the new friends and people she had met. Brooke loved BMW and said It was a very good experience. After all the tears Brooke had cried, all the horrible pain she had suffered through, all the hard training she had to endure, all turned out to be worth It. From the time she protected and stood up for me when I was three until now Brooke has never let me down. Brooke Is, and always will be my sister, my airman, and my hero. My Sister By Nicknaming My sister and I are very close; it was very hard letting her go. As the plane flew pain in my throat where it hurts to swallow. After several torturous months of crying and praying for my sister, it was finally time to go see her graduate. Standing there in The ceremony was pretty amazing. All that, Mitt’s (military training instructors) those tears and amazing speeches each airman got granted a United States Air Force family and I were overwhelmed with Joy and couldn’t stop crying. After leaving the Air pizza and soda pop, Brooke told us all about BMW how it was hard and demanding but after a while she started to get used to it. Also how it was really good at times, because of all the new friends and people she had met. Brooke loved BMW and said it all the hard training she had to endure, all turned out to be worth it. From the time me down. Brooke is, and always will be my sister, my airman, and my hero. How to cite My Sister, Papers

Environmental Supplier Selection Process †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Environmental Supplier Selection Process? Answer: Introduction Organizations comprise of different departments and purchasing department is accountable for all the activities of purchasing. Purchasing department is one of the important departments in all the businesses because it affects the product cost that might reflects companies profit positively (Moser, 2007). This report explains different aspects of purchasing management of Prime supermarket, which is situated in Singapore. This report will emphasize on supplier selection criteria, cost of purchasing and use of information and communication technology, for purchasing operations and its management. Prime supermarket is among the first to launch the chain of local supermarket (Prime supermarket, 2017). In earlier years, prime supermarket used to have 5 mini complex outlets. In 1991, Prime supermarket occupied more than 10,000 sq. ft. area. It is the largest chain of supermarket in Singapore with 20 outlets expanded in all its island states (Prime supermarket, 2017). Prime supermarket compr ises of two trading areas, one focuses on import and provides seafood, meats and vegetables and another trading area focuses on acquiring stock according to the lifestyle of international consumer. Prime supermarket provides 24 hour services to their customers and also focuses on improving customer services. Presently, they are working on renovations of their stores. Mission of prime supermarket is to provide good services to their customers with good quality of product at affordable price (Prime supermarket, 2017). Supplier Selection and issues Purchasing is one of the important element in supermarket business. Purchasing officer is responsible as well as accountable for setting goals and taking related decisions, which helps in improving cost of the company (Weele, 2009). It is a difficult task for purchasing officer of prime supermarket to decide the value of their products, as they want to provide product at lower price by reducing the cost of supplies but they should not keep their prices very low as it will be considered as poor quality goods (Ouelch, Bonventre, 2017). Cost of the product also increases due to fixed assets. For Example machinery which requires a regular repair, leads to an increase in the cost of the product and it affects the revenue of the business (Ouelch, Bonventre, 2017). Prime supermarket should consider all these points and after that they should decide the value of their product. Prime supermarket should provide good quality products as poor quality goods increases wastage that results in inc reasing purchasing cost. Suppliers of prime supermarket should deliver products on time, so that efficiency of the business can be maintained. For this purchasing officer of supermarket should maintain proper communication with their suppliers. Purchasing officer should identify their long term suppliers and should maintain a strong relationship with them which helps in cost reduction (Weele, 2009). Purchasing officer should identify some internal goals to maintain cost of the company, for this different policies are implemented into the company that product can only be purchased by approved suppliers (Ouelch, Bonventre, 2017). Prime supermarket should select their suppliers properly, which can help them in reducing purchasing cost. Supplier selection criteria involve different stages listed as follows:- Identification of possible suppliers- For sustaining in todays competitive environment, business has to make changes and should do innovations (WONG, 2017). Business should identify new suppliers with maintaining existing suppliers. This stage focuses on searching different suppliers for the business. Prime supermarket should identify those suppliers who can bring better results as compared to existing one (WONG, 2017). Asking for suppliers information- After recognizing possible suppliers, another stage is of asking information related to suppliers goods or services and their qualities which make them different from other suppliers. Performance proposal is also issued to show whether the supplier will be able to fulfil the requirements of the business. Quote request is issued to know the specification of product (Kleemann, 2012). Terms of contract- This stage explains about the contract between buyer and its suppliers as the information which was asked from supplier that gets converted into the form of contract. This contract comprises with all the details, responsibilities and duties of supplier. Process of negotiation- As we discussed above about the terms of contract that includes duties, responsibilities and payment details, these terms are negotiable. Supplier and buyer both do negotiating in favor of their terms (Altin, 2010). Evaluation of supplier and award of contract- In this stage buyer checks earlier performance of the supplier to evaluate whether the supplier will be able to perform properly or not (Kleemann, 2012). Suppliers are ranked according to their performance and according to that they get the contract. Research on supplier selection- This stage focuses on two points, one point is to find out the right criteria and method to evaluate supplier. Second point focuses on negotiation with the supplier, terms of contract and bringing out information that supplier do not want to reveal (Altin, 2010). ICT for purchasing operation Information and communication technology tools are very useful for all the organizations in terms of providing important information quickly that makes work easy and help in sustaining into the competitive environment (Nwokeafor, 2015). ICT enabled communication between different departments of company that made information sharing fast and fulfilled demands of customers on time (Nwokeafor, 2015). Company should install ICT tools, this will provide benefits to them as it results in saving cost, reducing wastage and ultimately business will make high profits (Cline, 2014). Importance of electronic business is increasing day by day, scattering of internet that increases the awareness of information technologies. For achieving organizational goals ICT tools are providing great support to human activities. Hence, process of decision making and transferring of data is faster (Cline, 2014). Tools of information and communication technology are Barcoding, Radio frequency identification, Ent erprise resource planning, Material resource planning, etc. Some of them are explained below. Bar coding- Barcodes are clear demonstration of material through computer. Initially, data stored in barcodes used to be in widths and equivalent lines with spacing, at present barcodes arises in different shapes and designs (Craig, 2008). Different scanners are available for reading barcodes they are known as barcode reader. Flow of products and information of business is faster through barcodes. Barcoding is used to keep all the information of the stock (Craig, 2008). Radio frequency identification- It comprises with a silicon chip that holds an identification number and an antenna that transfer the number into evaluating device. RFI helps in managing inventory and information of bulk stock can be identified in short period of time (Craig, 2008). Enterprise resource planning- ERP is a very useful device for every business as it maintain all the information of different departments. It helps manager to known about the problems and points which are lacking in the functioning of different departments (Lawrence, 2012). ERP involves different modules such as marketing, finance, human resource, manufacturing, etc. Material resource planning- MRP helps in production planning as it arrange all the operations sequence wise. MRP focuses on providing all the information and sequence of production before it is required. Proper track of orders are maintained by MRP at the time of manufacturing (Lawrence, 2012). Recommendation ICT tools help in improving the performance of supply chain that is considered to be an important element in all the organizations which deal in the manufacturing and logistics of the products. Business has to understand the importance of installing ERP into its processes as it is very beneficial. Tools of Information and communication technology should be installed into the purchasing department of Prime supermarket to increase the speed of data sharing and there will be reduction in the time taken to deliver the productivity. Innovative and sound models should be developed by the researcher in coming future. Purchasing cost analysis Purchasing of goods and services involve some cost, that need to be analyzed regularly. Different tools are available for analysis of purchasing cost they are- Cost analysis- While purchasing goods its actual cost is considered that include delivery cost, packing cost and maintenance cost (Blischke, 1993). Business appoint some of the suppliers who demand advanced payments. If supermarket is ordering goods which involve movement of more than one people then they have to make the payment in advance that increases the actual cost which is more than the cost of product (Blischke, 1993). Proper analysis should be done by prime supermarket to know the total purchasing cost. Inventory analysis- Cost of the product includes different charges like storing cost, maintenance cost as well as cost of unavailability of goods for sale. Inventory analysis is important to know detail about the stock that is available. It can help in forecasting about future stock to be ordered (Sherbrooke, 2006). Suppliers analysis- Prime supermarket has a number of suppliers, this shows that they should not get depend on one supplier as it can be harmful for the business. Purchasing officer of prime supermarket should maintain good relations with their suppliers as they can provide stock at discounted price. Besides this officer should regularly check the stock supplied by different suppliers. Maverick spending- Price of goods may vary from supplier to supplier, for this prime super market should analyze price properly before placing the order as small amount also matters a lot for the business. Delivery time analysis- Supplier should provide stock in time as it affects the image of business. Perishable goods should be handled properly as they get spoiled easily. Prime supermarket is one of the leading supermarket chain in Singapore. Supermarket is using multiple sourcing of supply as it provides different categories of goods that need different suppliers for the business. Prime supermarket provide good quality of products at reasonable price because their main focus is to deliver good services to their customers. Prime supermarket regularly analyze their suppliers that helps in reduction in the cost of purchase. Cost ratio is a method used in retail for valuation of inventory at the end of particular time period. It is calculated by dividing available goods cost with available goods retail value (Robinson, et al 2015). Linear averaging method include linearly weighted moving average that allocate a higher weighted to current value. It can be calculated by multiplying closing prices with its definite place in the data series (Burd, 2007). Activity based costing is a method that allocates indirect cost to products by recognizing all the activities that takes place in the business (Goektuerk, 2007). Connection among the products, costs and activities is reflected through this method. Sometimes it is difficult to assign indirect cost through this method (Goektuerk, 2007). Conclusion Report is explaining purchasing management of Prime supermarket that is one of the leading supermarket chain in Singapore. According to the above discussion it can be concluded that purchasing management is very important for Prime supermarket. Purchasing manager is the one who handles all the activities of purchasing department. They should identify elements that are disturbing the cost of products and should take corrective actions to eliminate them. Suppliers of prime supermarket should provide good quality of products in time. Criteria that should be considered for suppliers selection are Identification of possible suppliers, asking for suppliers information, Terms of contract, Process of negotiation, Evaluation of supplier and award of contract and Research on supplier selection. Prime supermarket use multiple sources of purchasing for that they have to appoint different suppliers. For this they should identify suppliers who will provide them good quality of product on time and should reveal past performance of their business. Information and communication technology is also discussed in above report. ICT is important for business for keeping records of available stock that helps in forecasting about the future stock to be ordered. Tools available for Information and communication technology are Barcoding, Radio frequency identification, Enterprise resource planning and Material resource planning. ICT tools are considered to be important for business as it helps in improving performance of supply chain. Prime supermarket should adopt information and communication tools in their business that can make work faster and products can be delivered on time. It will also help in saving the cost of the product. Tools for analyzing purchasing cost are Cost analysis, Inventory analysis, Suppliers analysis, maverick spending, Delivery time analysis. Prime supermarket should consider all the purchasing cost analysis tools as it will lead to increase in the profits of the business. Report also explains cost ratio and activity based costing that is important for business. References Altin, G. (2010). Global Purchasing and Supply: Case Study in Purchasing. GRIN Verlag. Blischke, W. (1993). Warranty Cost Analysis. CRC Press. Burd, V. (2007). Method of Averaging for Differential Equations on an Infinite Interval: Theory and Applications. CRC Press. Cline, H. F. (2014). Information Communication Technology and Social Transformation: A Social and Historical Perspective. Routledge. Craig, V. S. (2008). Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. IGI Global. Goektuerk, H. (2007). Activity-Based Costing (ABC) - Advantages and Disadvantages. GRIN Verlag. Kleemann, F. C. (2012). An Evaluation of Supplier Selection Methods in Strategic Procurement. GRIN Verlag. Lawrence, T. A. (2012). Learning Tools and Teaching Approaches through ICT Advancements. IGI Global. Moser, R. (2007). Strategic Purchasing and Supply Management: A Strategy-Based Selection of Suppliers. Springer Science Business Media. Nwokeafor, C. U. (2015). Information Communication Technology (ICT) Integration to Educational Curricula: A New Direction for Africa. University Press of America. Ouelch, J Bonventre, K. C. (2017). Better marketing at the point of purchase. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1983/11/better-marketing-at-the-point-of-purchase Prime supermarket, (2017). About us. Retrieved from https://www.primesupermarket.com/about-us/ Robinson, T. R., Henry, E., Pirie, W. L. P., Broihahn, M. A. (2015). International Financial Statement Analysis Workbook. John Wiley Sons. Sherbrooke, C. C. (2006). Optimal Inventory Modeling of Systems: Multi-Echelon Techniques. Springer Science Business Media. Weele, A. J. V. (2009). Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice. Cengage Learning EMEA. WONG, Y. K. (2017). Integrating Environmental Criteria into the Supplier Selection Process. Open Dissertation Pres

The Essence of Chinatown Essay Example

The Essence of Chinatown Essay It is Chinese New Year. The hustle and bustle of trade, the haggling of prices fills the air as people jostle through the crowd to buy that kilogram of barbecued pork, or that bunch of golden rat-shaped decorations to welcome the year of the Rat. However, many people simply run through the epicentre of joyful noise and energy that can only be Chinatown without stopping to wonder at the past it possesses and the reason for its existence in a predominantly Chinese Singapore. Modern day Chinatown I stand silently at the start of Pagoda Street and look down from my vantage point of an overhead bridge to see a place that embodies the very story of Chinatown is the Chinatown Heritage Centre. Sitting right in the center of Chinatown, it is a quaint shop house that has been converted into a wealth of memories and untold stories. These stories are showed to the public on three different levels and exhibit the lives of early settlers. It traces the evolution and growth of both Chinatown and the Chinese people of Singapore, from coolie workers and maids to bosses and politicians. The Heritage Centre shows why Chinatown is the way it is in modern day Singapore. It tells the story of a place that never really sleeps through an exhibit called â€Å"Where the day never ends† and tells us of how Chinatown was always rampant with festive mood during celebrations like the Lunar New Year. Like present day Chinatown, the Chinatown of the past was an energetic place whenever Chinese festivals were around the corner. We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Chinatown specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Chinatown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Chinatown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When asked about what the Heritage Centre taught him, a secondary school student whom I interviewed on location told me, â€Å"This place shows us that that every Chinese person had a stake in Chinatown. It also teaches me not to forget my roots,† The Heritage Centre, for many youth, also carries a cautionary tale against the four vices of life. An exhibit details the lives of people who have fallen to opium smoking, prostitution, gambling and secret societies and is still a relevant warning to today’s Chinese population in Singapore about the dangers of indulging in forbidden pleasures. A Prostitute’s Room I asked one shopper why she went to Chinatown to visit the Heritage Centre and I was told that, â€Å"Chinatown is the place many Chinese had lived in the past. I am a Chinese and I really like to know what my roots are,† What she said clearly highlights to us why Singapore needs a Chinatown: Cultural identity. The Heritage Centre tells us that Chinatown has existed ever since Singapore was conceptualised as a colonial state. The place was characterised by shop houses that possessed five-foot walkways and cramped quarters on the upper floors. Large scale immigration forced occupants of Chinatown to stay in small, cramped and sordid cubicles that lacked proper sanitation and facilities. People squeezed together, sometimes seven in cubicle. However, Chinatown was more than just a living quarter for the Chinese migrants who came by boat from mainland China. It was a retail location for uniquely Chinese goods, a uniquely Chinese socialisation ground which gave birth to the coffee shops that we see in contemporary Singapore. A life-sized model of such coffee shops can be seen in the Heritage Centre. Chinatown was, most importantly, a place representative of escape from oppression, poverty and injustice in mainland China. My late great-grand mother, who came from China with nothing but the clothes on her back once told me that, â€Å"Chinatown, although small, cramp and noisy, was the home away from home for many, a place where Chinese people put down new roots and built new lives for themselves and their descendants. † I believe that this spirit of emancipation and determination to make it in the world is what is so beautiful about Chinatown’s Heritage Centre. While Singapore is a multi-racial nation that does not discriminate creeds, race or religion, it is undeniably mixed in its racial denominations to a very high degree. As such, people need to hold on to their cultural identity. Unlike many other countries where Chinese are not the dominant race and thus need a Chinatown, Singapore’s Chinese population needs a Chinatown not to give them a sense of home, but to satisfy a deep-seated need to retain the uniqueness of being Chinese while becoming Singaporean all the time. Chinese, like all other races, need a place where we can identify with both culturally and, on a deeper level, spiritually. We need a place that tells us who we are and where we really came from and Chinatown provides us with that cultural belonging and identity. Chinatown is â€Å"where Chinese go to be Chinese and not worry about how we would be looked at, simply because it is Chinatown,† as said by a passer-by when I asked him what Chinatown meant to him as a Chinese person. When I started primary research, I did not expect such a deep-rooted sense of belonging to Chinatown in the Chinese people because even I, a Chinese, did not have great attachment for the place. However, I have come to understand that Chinatown is more than a place. It is a record book, a place that history has etched its mark on to educate and enlighten future generations of Chinese people. Therefore, the true idea behind why we need a Chinatown in Singapore is because the essence of the Chinese people is the essence of Chinatown.

History of the World in 6 Glasses Essays

History of the World in 6 Glasses Essays History of the World in 6 Glasses Essay History of the World in 6 Glasses Essay Chapter 2: Civilized Beer 1. The Land between 2 rivers is the Tigris and Euphrates rivers located in Mesopotamia ( in the Fertile Crescent ) . The World’s first metropoliss arose in Mesopotamia. the land between the watercourses. ’ the name given to the country between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers†¦ ( 24. Standage ) . which meant that around this country most of the people were hardworking. The job about these two rivers though is that they had unexpected implosion therapy and there was small rain. This is why at the clip. goods. alternatively of being offerings to Gods were. compulsory revenue enhancements that were consumed by the temple bureaucratism or traded for other goods and services ( 40. Standage ) . This lone arose though because of the unpredictable conditions and nature of the Mesopotamian environment. 2. Mesopotamia and Egypt had many differences. . but they were both similar in one thing. Both civilizations were made possible by an agricultural excess. in peculiar an entree of grain ( 25. Standage ) . It funded many a huge sum of public works/constructions to be possible such as canals. temples and pyramids and besides freed a little elite of decision makers and craftsmen from the demand to bring forth their ain nutrient. Grain was the chief national diet in both Mesopotamia and Egypt. refereed to as edible money because it was consumed in both liquid and solid signifier. 3. †¦ Grain was the footing of the national diet in both Egypt and Mesopotamia ( 26. Standage ) . it was consumed as non merely beer. but bread excessively. Many people supplemented themselves with staff of life. beer. day of the months and onions ( sometimes with meat and of class extra veggies ) ; Dates provided vitamin A. beer provided vitamin B and everything else added up to 3. 5000 to 4. 000 Calories. They both had different ways of seeing how beer should really be used sometimes but they both used it in the same manner most of the clip. for pleasance and to fulfill. 4. Gilgamesh was a Sumerian sort who ruled around 2700 BCE and Tells s narrative that includes a wild adult male that becomes human by being introduced to beer and nutrient by a adult female. He drank the veer-seven jugs! – and became expansive and American ginseng with joy†¦ He was elated and his face glowed†¦ he splashed his bushy organic structure with water†¦ and turned into human ( 27. Standage ) . Sumerian myths affected people by picturing the Gods as really fallible. human characters who enjoy eating and imbibing. normally imbibing excessively much ; Sumerian authorship might hold besides inspired how Egyptians get downing authorship. 5. As in Mesopotamia. beer was thought to hold antediluvian and fabulous beginnings. and it appears in supplications. myths. and legends ( 28. Standage ) . non merely in Mesopotamia did they happen beer to be sacred but in Egypt excessively. one narrative even gives credits to beer with salvaging world from devastation. Mesopotamians and Egyptians likewise saw beer as an antediluvian. god given drink that underpinned their being. formed portion of their cultural and spiritual individuality. and had great societal importance ( 29. Standage ) . In both civilizations. without beer. the repast wouldn’t be complete. Beer is one of the grounds that led to the the arising of civilisations. chiefly because it combined different societal groups from high category to low category. from grownups to kids ; it allow people have something in common. something they could portion. no affair how much money you had or even your age. 6. Originally. authorship was invented to enter the aggregation and distribution of grain. beer and other goods ; it arose as a continuance of the Neolithic usage of. using items to account for parts to a communal depot ( 30. Standage ) . Since there was s excess of nutrient. Sumerian metropoliss collected it normally as offerings to Gods. but in pattern were consumed by the temple to assist keep public constructions such as irrigation systems because of the unpredictable Mesopotamian environment. Subsequently though. items were abandoned and pictograms came to stand for Numberss and even Gods excessively. Having started out as a agency of entering revenue enhancement grosss and ration payments. composing shortly evolved into a more flexible. expressive. and abstract medium ( 34. Standage ) . 7. Our modern Latin alphabet can be traced back to the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. After items were abandoned. pictograms came to put picturing Gods and Numberss. By around 3000 BCE composing had evolved a small spot more. The terminal consequence was the first all-purpose signifier of composing. based on cuneate. or cuneiform . indentures made in clay tablets utilizing reeds ( 24. Standage ) . 8. Both civilisations barley and wheat. and their processed solid and liquid signifiers. staff of life and beer. became more than merely staple groceries ; they were convenient and widespread signifiers or payments and currency ( 25. Standage ) . people were paid for their work in loaves of staff of life and jars of beer ; even adult females and kids were paid by this. The usage of staff of life and beer as rewards or currency mean that they became associated with prosperity and wellbeing. The ancient Egyptians identified them so closely with the necessities of life that the phrase bread and beer’ meant nutriment in general ; their combined hieroglyphics formed the symbol for nutrient ( 37. Standage ) . Beer was besides used medically for both Egyptians and Mesopotamians. 9. Since beer. being boiled. was less likely to be contaminated than H2O. it had the advantage of holding ingredients dissolve easy in it. A wedge-shaped tablet from the Sumerian metropolis of Nippur. contains a list of medical formulas based on beer. In Egypt. beer’s usage as a mild depressant was recognized. and it was besides the bass for several medical mixtures of herbs and spices†¦ Half an onion mixed with bubbling beer was said to bring around irregularity. for illustration. while powdery olives assorted with beer cured dyspepsia ; a mixture of Crocus sativus and beer massaged into a woman’s venter was prescribed for labour strivings ( 38. Standage ) . 10. Egyptians believed that their wellbeing in the hereafter depended on holding a satisfying supply of strain and beer. A normal funerary offering consisted of staff of life. beer. cattle. geese. fabric. and natron. a purification agent. Scenes and theoretical accounts of brewing and baking have been found in Egyptian grave. along with jars of beer ( long since evaporated ) and beer-making equipment ( 38. Standage ) . From emperors to ordinary citizens. they were all buried with a little or big jar of beer.

Anthony giddens and fundemental principles, anthony giddens and Essay

Anthony giddens and fundemental principles, anthony giddens and relation between international relations and theories,how these - Essay Example 1-8). International relation depicts the causes of war and condition of peace within the boundaries of different countries under different political frame. It also pinpoints towards the sociological aspects of every country. Through the study of the international relation, one can able to understand the reasons of the uncertainties in the social and political ground based on few principles (Dunne, Kurki & Smith, 2013, pp. 1-12). The given essay depicts the fundamental principles of Anthony Griddens and that of International Relation. The analysis also shows the relation in-between the two principles and what are their limitations. Anthony Griddens and Fundamental Principles: Anthony Giddens works reflected a relinquishment of positivism in the theories that framed timeless commandments of human organization. Griddens theory of Structuration is one of the socialistic theories which showed analysis of the different organizational structure research. The theory deals with certain fundam ental principles. The theory finds its immense contributions towards the functionalism and structuralism in respect of the social tradition. Giddens in his analysis had taken â€Å"structure† as rules and resources used by people for interaction. As per the principles, â€Å"rules are generalized procedures and the methodologies that reflective agents possess in their implicit knowledge of stocks and that they apply a formula in the social system† (Turner, 2003, pp. 972). In this context the Giddens has mentioned the structuring of structure as the unremitting development of production. He criticized the new rules of the sociological method. As per his principle, social theories had a constant association and were affected by the social practices. Social practices had been an essential reconciling moment in between two conventionally established dualisms in the social theory. Social practices found a close proximity with the practical consciousness. In this regard the theory of structuration was outlined which substituted the central belief of duality of structure or the essential reclusiveness of social life. As per the theory, â€Å"Every social actor knows a great deal about the conditions of reproduction of the society of which he or she is a member† (Giddens, 1979, pp. 5). The suggestion made was that the social agents were knowledgeable of the environment in which they reside and they adopt themselves in the similar atmosphere and reproduce which is a conception in the duality of structure. In the principle Giddens also tried to portray an inherent relation in between the agency and power. In this aspect he referred to dialectic of control in collectivities. He stressed upon the fact that those in the minor position in the social structure were the most frequent adaptor of the changing social systems by converting the resources they had possessed so far. The principles of the theory were based upon non-functionalist manisfesto. This elaborated the persistent feature of social life. The principle of ‘relative arbitrariness’ influence the internal symphony of the language. As per Giddens, ‘The arbitrary nature of linguistic sign, and their constitution through difference, are the chief notions by means of which Saussure attempted to explicate langue as system† (Giddens, 1979, pp. 1-13). Author per Tuner (2003), said in this pretext, ‘In defining social theory as an â€Å"external†

Promotion - Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communications Essay

Promotion - Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example To me, the introduction of the white, brown and chocolate-sandwiched bread gave me the knowledge about their efficiency in reaching the customers in time with information on the loss, existence or price increase or fall of these products. The company makes sure that the public, customers or audience in the communication field are reached in the most amicable and plausible way. The company sets information through the points of purchase, the supermarkets within the region. This perfectly reaches the customers as these are the points where they continuously get into contact with the company. The company does this through the use of banners. The company also gets into contact with the customers through the internet and at this point the Andronico’s Company passes information to the customers through the social interactive network platforms, like the tweeter, facebook and other social platforms (Lee & Park, 2007, p 235). To effectively pass the information to the customers about t he products, the company uses direct mail in the case where they have the contact mails of the esteem customers. This will get the customers with notification and beware of the situation in the markets (Lee & Park, 2007, p 228). This will reduce the wasting of time to go to the markets to buy a product not in the market. The company also uses the print media to communicate to the customers about the product that they are interested in. with line this, the company also uses the broadcast media which reaches most of its customers as the broadcast media is widely spread throughout the country. The company organizes events and through which all the relevant information is provided to the customers of specific goods. This will be followed by new information on counter products in place for the lost products in the market at the moment. Andronico’s communicates to the customers through the processes of sales

Business Environment Assessment Of Bisleri Marketing Essay

Business Environment Assessment Of Bisleri Marketing Essay A study of business environment is very useful to anticipate opportunities and to plan resources to exploit these opportunities successfully. It can also be used as an early warning system to prevent threats or to turn obstacles into opportunities. Business environment is a sum total of all those factors, conditions, situations or surroundings which directly affect the working of business. It is a comprehensive term and covers factors like consumer behavior, economic policies, competition in the market, technology and so on. ABSTRACT: Water is one of the basic necessities for human life to survive on this planet today getting pure water is not an easy task with so much harmful chemical being disposed into the water by various industries is making the water harmful for drinking. 71% of the earth is made of water out of which only 1% of water can be used by living beings. Among this 1% of water 50% of water is polluted. This is an analysis report of one of the premium, recognized trusted brand in the Indian bottled water market named BISLERI INTERNATIONAL PVT LTD. This is enjoying the huge share in the market both in bulk segment in small packs. HISTORY OF BISLERI: WATER WATER EVERYWHERE, BUT JUST A LITTLE THAT IS CLEAN The origin of BISLERI lies in Italy and the brand owes its name to its founder MR.FELICE BISLERI, an Italian entrepreneur. In 1967, BISLERI set up a plant in Bombay for bottling and marketing actual mineral water, which did not quite work. By 1969, BISLERI wanted to exit the business and to help him out the Chauhans bought the brand, intending to turn it into a soda brand. Since then it has come a long way. Now, it owns a large percentage of shares in the Indian market and also it has its presence in International Water Market. WATER WATER EVERYWHERE, BUT JUST A LITTLE THAT IS CLEAN JOURNEY OF BISLERI OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS: 1969: Buys BISLERI bottled water from an Italian company, Felice Bisleri. It was bottled in glass bottles then. Early-1980s: Shifts to PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) bottles. Sales surge Mid-1980s: Switches to PET bottles, which meant more transparency and life for water. 1993: Sells carbonated drink brands like ThumsUp, Gold Spot and Limca to Coca-Cola for Rs. 400 crore. 1995: BISLERI launches a 500 ml bottle and sales shoot up by 400 per cent. 2000: Introduces the 20-litre container to bring prices down from Rs. 10 a litre to Rs. 2 a litre. 1998: Introduces a tamper-proof and tamper-evident seal. 2000: BIS cancels BISLERIS license of water bottling in Delhi since some of the bottles did not carry ISI label; the license is restored one-and-a-half months later. 2002: KINLEY overtakes BISLERI. The national retail stores audit by ORG-MARG show Kinsleys market share at 35.1 per cent compared to BISLERIS 34.4 per cent. 2003: BISLERI ventured out into Europe and America to sell bottled water. THE GROWTH OF BISLERI OVER THE YEARS: 1. HOW THE QUALITY STANDARD IS IMPROVED:- Every bottle of BISLERI is put through a rigorous Multi stage purification processes which includes micron filtration and ozonisation. It acquires 6 stages of purification processes which ensure quality water which is pure and safe for drinking purpose. Good manufacturing are the strength all the time processing in religiously monitored at every stage. 2. THE TRUST FOR BRAND HAS ALWAYS BEEN CONSISTENT :- More than 50 lakhs people trust the BISLERI. They buy only BISLERI water because it has became generic name for mineral water. For example: When people go to buy the mineral water many of them ask for BISLERI, even though they get other brand. 3. LARGE RANGE OF PRODUCTS OFFERED:- BISLERI offers a large range of products which attracts consumer of all categories. For example: 1 litre or 500 ml pack is useful for individual buyers, 12 litres or 20 litres is useful for organization. Therefore it attracts large number of customer. 4. MARKETING STRATEGY:- BISLERI is promoted by an aggressive print TV. TV is backed by a Hoarding point of sale material. Every interface with customer is used as an opportunity to reinforce. For example: All vehicles used for supply have been painted in light green, bears the BISLERI logo sport catchy baseline likes drink and drive. 5. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. With little belief in the distributor system, the company leverage its large fleet to truck to supply bottled water directly goes to retailers through a system called Route Selling where the driver of truck are trained to be the service person. This ensures that water supplied are fresh and bottles are in the good shape. BISLERI has more than 80,000 outlets in the country. 6. BULK SEGMENT IS USEFUL FOR HOUSEHOLDS ALSO:- Households in certain parts of the country spend a huge amount of money on fuel in order to purify the water. They are supposed to buy the impure water and then they have to spend money to purify it. For instance the water scarce south people spend large some of money to buy water and still more to purify it. The 12 litre product is hit in various cities of south. 7. GROWING POPULARITY:- The popularity of BISLERI is increasing rapidly day by day. People in the market when it comes to mineral water a person goes to any shop and asks for BISLERI as his/her first preference. BISLERI is seeing a growth of almost 50% per year. With the small pack being popular among individuals user its bulk pack is also generating the huge demand which is capturing the market for BISLERI. Today 60-70 % of total income of BISLERI comes from its bulk segment and the company is planning to increase it up to 80%. 8. THE BREAK AWAY SEAL:- Keeping in mind the consumers need to recognize a genuine product that cannot be tempered with. The unique cap has been patented and cannot be duplicated. This technical strength ensures that the consumer will only get a high safe product when they will drink BISLERI. MISSION STATEMENT To provide the highest quality product, keeping in mind all aspect including freshness purity and safety and making it easy available to the consumer at very affordable price. MARKET SIZE AND GROWTH Market share 2005 Bisleri 53% Yes 13% Bailey 23% Others 11% Bisleri Yes Bailey Others Market share 2007 Bisleri 51% Yes 11% Bailley 17% Aquafina 4% Kinley 10% others 7% Bisleri Yes Bailley Aquafina Kinley Others market share feb 2008 Bisleri 38% Kinley 28% Aqua pure 11% Bailey 6% Others 17% Bisleri Kinley Aqua pure Bailey Others The Bisleri in the mineral water market is still maintaining the pace at which it has been growing over past few years. The brand has been witnessing launch of a number of player with every passing day. Presently the market is skewed towards regional players and has more than 250 players in the fray. Besides these there are a number of fly-by-night operators who enter the market in summers, reap benefits by packaging tap water and selling as pure mineral water, and then leave once the season is over. The problem in the market is not with the players but with the consumers. Poverty levels, illiteracy has led these players to take full advantage of consumers by selling even the tap water as mineral water. Total bottled market has a size of Rs11-12bn of this around Rs7bn is in the hands of organized sector and rest is with unorganized sector. In the organized sector Bisleri is the market leader with 45% market share followed by Bailey with 23-24% market share. The Rs 1,000 crore branded packaged water market has always been synonymous with the desi Bisleri. Market Share of players among users The brand is a product of Parle International and presently is the market leader with more than 45% market share. The company pioneered the concept of bottled water in the Indian market as early as 1967. The company is also credited with SKUs of 500ml, 1.2 lts, 1.5 lts and 2 lts in the Indian market The relaunch of Bisleri in 1993, however was a success due to growing awareness and high consciousness of health and hygiene among people. In 1993, when Ramesh Chauhan, Chairman, Parle Bisleri sold his right to market Bisleri brand to Coca-Cola, Bisleri, which underwent the new management for a period of 5 years, remained largely neglected. On getting the rights back, he started building Bisleri as a mineral water brand. Bisleri had a brand name, a product, the brand building of Bisleri started in a small way in 1998, which bore fruit in 1999-2000 when it grew by 140%. Positioning : Playing Safe Target audience : Health and hygiene conscious people Personality : Guardian, Authoritative, Reliable Punch Line : Play Safe USP : Pioneer advantage in bottled water industry, old player with lot of experience Bisleri, which enjoys 65 per cent market share in the branded water segment, is also eyeing a sharp growth in sales during the present year 2010. The company, that recently launched its premium brand with medical values Vedica, is expecting a 50 per cent growth in sales from this brand With so many brands launched and to meet the growing demand in the bottled-water segment that is growing at 40 per cent year on year, the company plans to scale-up its production units. It would be opening 10-15 bottling units in the next six months. In this year so far, Bisleri has set up 5 plants .At present, the company has 52 bottling plants across the country. On Bisleris overseas plans, company is in talks with local beverage-makers in Sri Lanka, the UAE, Bangladesh and Oman to set up units and franchise the Bisleri brand. The company also plans to expand its global footprint this fiscal. Currently, it exports its products to Singapore. The bottled water brand leader is opening 35 new plants in smaller towns and entering the high-margin segments Bottled water brand leader, Bisleris new plants are ready to meet the summer demand. And over the next six months, the company will start operating more plants in the remaining parts of the country. This is part of the companys plans to open as many as 35 new plants across the country to tap the fast-growing market for packaged water (at Rs 2,400 crore now) in Indias hinterlands. The growth will come, Parle Bisleri says, as there is an increasing consciousness even in villages to the fact that over 1,600 Indians are dying every day because of waterborne diseases and almost four million people in India are affected by water-borne diseases every year. Theres another reason for Bisleris ambitious plans. It will help the company shave costs. Typically, in this business, transporting water to a distance of 200 km costs the company Rs 30 per case freight. But with distances cut, the company will now spend only Rs 4-5 per case freight. But Bisleri invariably starts selling the product in a given location before the plant comes up. There was a point in the early 90s the sales and the market value of the bisleri were going down. No doubt, that was tough to take for Bisleri. The first thing it did was to change the look and feel of its brand. From the earlier conical shaped bottle, Bisleri took on a streamlined, round shape, replacing the erstwhile blue logo with an aqua green one. The move paid off Bisleri is also doing several other things as well to open up the higher margin market. For one, it is in talks with beverage makers and bottlers in countries such as Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Oman and the United Arab Emirates to franchise its brand name. Exports to Singapore have already started. It also launched Vedica, its first mineral water, in January 2010 and is test marketing flavoured water across the country. The company is also setting up a new manufacturing facility for its enhanced water brands, which will be fortified with vitamins and minerals. These are brands that will tap the top end of this market, which now account for just 10 per cent of the packaged water market, and bring in substantial profits. Vedica will take on Himalayan and foreign brands like Evian and Perrier in a category that is willing to shell out that extra buck. Enthused by its 35% growth in 2008-09, Parle Bisleri is targeting 40% growth this year. With a 60% market share, they are the market leaders in this segment.. The company has already geared up to foray into the flavored water segment in October 2009. Currently, the company has 52 bottling plants across the country. July 26 2009 Bisleri International Pvt Ltd, the packaged water brand grew at 78 per cent in the current fiscal on the back of increasing capacity. They always had an aggressive growth plan in place. Not only they developed the brand further through several marketing initiatives, they also planned on setting up more manufacturing facilities in the country. The television campaign for Bisleri has worked wonders for the brand giving it a big boost. The important increase in India can be easily explained through the growth of the population and problems of water quality and water supplies. Until 1992, the demand for bottled water in India was mostly limited to foreign tourists, corporate meetings, conferences, etc. The introduction of bulk packaging extended the market to new and numerous consumers. Bottled water is a particularly competitive market, hence companies need to develop diverse marketing strategies, such as accessing new markets by owning or developing partnership with regional brands, developing new products (such as flavored water) or by-products (such as cosmetics) and developing services (home and office delivery of water). WEAKNESS 1. METHOD ADOPTED FOR DISTRIBUTION:- THE ROUTESELLING policy adopted by BISLERI for distribution is more expensive than more commonly followed method of appointing distributors in different towns. This reduces the profit of company. The dealer margin is reduced due to this .therefore not many dealer keeps BISLERI in many areas. Indirectly this is reducing the coverage of BISLERI. 2. REUSE OF BOTTLE BY LOCAL SELLERS AND ILLEGAL MANUFACTURERS:- Market research conducted by BISLERI revealed that the other overriding concern for this set of buyers is the tampering of seal and the reuse of bottles. Many have witnessed used bottles being refilled at railway stations. This deteriorates the brand image of BISLERI. For example: local sellers fill the bottle of BISLERI with impure water and the bottles are purchased by illiterate customers as BISLERI water but they buy water of low quality. In this way brand of BISLERI gets affected. 3. FAULTS IN PRODUCTION:- Tests conducted by various authorities shows that it contains pesticides. In 2002 the 2cm long insect was found in the bottle of BISLERI. This has affected its sales and reputation. The license of its two factories one at Noida and other at Bangalore has been cancelled because of fault in production. 4. PRESSURE BY GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY:- After insect was found in the bottles, FDA (Food Drug Adulteration) has cancelled the production of BISLERI. Afterwards it was allowed to resume it but in this period its customer were moved towards other products. It is constantly under check by various authorities. 5. NOT MEETING THE DEMAND OF THE CUSTOMER:- In certain parts of south in our country big bottles of BISLERI are in huge demand but the company is unable to meet the demand of the consumers. This is affecting the demand for the product. So People are forced to use other brands of mineral water. OPPORTUNITY 1. FAST GROWING FIELD:- The best beverage for India in the new millennium seems to be water. In recent years, the bottled drinking water market has been witnessing high decibel level of activity, with a host of new entrants. The bottled water market which worth Rs. 1000 crore is expected to be Rs. 5000 crore by 2010. This will increase a lot of scope for bottled water market. 2. BISLERI CAN UTILISE ITS DISTRIBUTION CHAIN:- With BISLERI becoming a generic name for bottled drinking water. If company can manage the distribution chain of the product to make it available where the consumer needs it the most, the company may well succeed in his gamble with water. For this the company can connect it with dealers and other distributors who will market the products for them all around the world. 3. EXPANSION IN EUROPE:- The launch of BISLERI in the European market on 4th September, 2003 has created a lot of scope for BISLERI in the field. This will also compensate the deterioration of image; BISLERI has suffered after insect was found in the bottle. It will silence the critics and it will also increase the faith of the customer for the brand. It will create an international brand image and the quality will increase. 4. LAUNCH OF PREMIUM PACK:- The company also has its premium product range. This is prepared keeping 5-star hotels and other premium customer. This pack will be sold at Rs. 20 per litre. This will give a tough competition to the EVIAN, the biggest player in the premium water range which sells its 1 litre water at a hefty of Rs.85 per litre. 5. CHANGE OF IMAGE:- The company has changed the colour of the product. It has changed from blue to green. By changing the colour, the company has provided a new product to the consumers; they will be getting a new and a refreshing product. 6. INCREASE IN PRODUCTION:- BISLERI is eyeing the Market and is in the process of increasing the production by setting 4 new plants adding to its 23plants. This will increase the production capacity of the company. THREAT 1. MARKET IS EYED BY THE BIG PLAYERS:- The growth of the market indicates the need for the mineral water. Due to this the heavy weights are eyeing the market. Coke, Pepsi, Britannia, Nestle, Auswater-is keen on raising their stakes in this market. With the cut throat competition between Coke and Pepsi, BISLERI is not safe. 2. ENTERING OF NEW PLAYERS:- To get some share in the market many new players are entering in the market. Among them major names are Godrej, which is launching its product AQUA-PURE and Tata-Tea is looking forward to but Himalayan, this will increase the competition. Also Britannia which is distributing EVIAN is planning to launch its own brand. There are also new entrants ATCO with BRILLIANT water, DS FOODS with CATCH are also coming. Even Hindustan lever is planning to enter into the market. This is give a tough competition to the current water brands including BISLERI. 3. WATER FILTER MANUFACTURERS:- BISLERI is not only getting competition from mineral water maker but is also facing a tough competition from various water filter manufacturers such as Eureka Forbes (Aqua guard). They have been marketing there purifiers in the market which has decreased the sales of bottled water supply to homely customers. 4. ILLEGAL MANUFACTURERS:- Company is facing a tough competition from illegal manufacturers in the rural areas. The illegal manufacturers provide water at a very cheaper rate then the branded manufacturers. There are 1000s of illegal manufacturers which are providing the water at a very cheaper rate. This is a serious problem for branded manufacturers. This companies also use the fake name of branded bottled water i.e. BISLERI and supply their products in the market. 5. STRONG DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL OF THE OTHER MANUFACTURERS:- Analysts feel that BISLERIS break away seal will not at all be effective the company having strong distribution channel will only survive. This rings the warning bell for BISLERI because among other players Kinley and Aquafina are having a strong distribution network of Coke and Pepsi. Nestle will be banking on its chocolate distribution network. Even though the BISLERI has a strong networks but its concentration on bulk segment can lead to improper network. For example: A chemist who is selling the 1 litre pack may not sell the 20 litre pack. This could disturb the network.

Foucault – Power/Knowledge

Foucault’s theorisation of the power/knowledge relationship Foucault in theorizing the relationship between power and knowledge basically focused on how power operated in the institutions and in its techniques. The point is how power was supported by knowledge in the functioning of institutions of punishment. â€Å"He places the body at the centre of the struggles between different formations of power/knowledge. The techniques of regulation are applied to the body† (Wheterell et al. , 2001: 78) Power is the ability to control others or one’s entity. Accordingly it can be defined as a kind of strength or as an authority. There are various theorisations about the meaning of this term in sociology thus it would be hard to give a comprehensive definition. Is power a relationship? What kind of outcome does it produce? Can it modify behaviour and can it reduce the power of others? (Waters, 1994: 217) All of these questions can be answered in a different way. The point might be over whom and upon what can this power be exercised. Foucault frequently uses power and knowledge together in the phrase power/knowledge. He claims these two are inseparable. A general expression exists which conjoins the two into â€Å"knowledge is power. † Foucault reverses the logic of this expression in arguing that possession of knowledge does not give one power but gaining power means having knowledge at the same time as â€Å"knowledge is already deeply invested with power† thus it is better to agree on â€Å"power is knowledge†. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 643) Knowledge can be expounded as the awareness of some fact or as a skill that the individual achieved or inherited. In Foucault’s interpretation both idea turned up in the analysis of the â€Å"Panopticon† and the â€Å"plague stricken town†. Being aware of the events happened somewhere is knowledge and this knowledge gives power to those whom got to know about that events although this knowledge could not have been acquired in the lack of power as there would not have been any opportunity to get into a position which allows the observation to get to know something. That is the basis of Foucault’s idea about knowledge and power as oneness and the reason for why is important to think other about the â€Å"power is knowledge† and â€Å"knowledge is power† correspondence. Discipline and Punish (1975) is Foucault’s best genealogical investigation. Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 643) At the beginning he describes a public torture which was a totally accepted from of punishment in the 18th century. Dramatically introduces the whole process without attitudinizing as those days public execution was a common event, the illustrated torture was as real as he presents it. As norms and attitudes changed in lat ter centuries public tortures has become not popular anymore, people were sentenced to go to prison where a completely different penalty system has been running. Foucault describes typical activities and every day life of the inmates. The point of these two presentations is to show that the changes of methods of punishment correlate with cultural and social changes in the all-time society. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 648) In the second part he â€Å"draws a parallel between the aggressive mechanism used by plague-stricken cities in the late seventeenth century and Bentham’s Panopticon which was intended to be the model for the perfectly rational and efficient prison. † (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 648) The point of these comparisons is to reveal how knowledge developed and how this development influenced the society. As knowledge grows and becomes deeper the new understanding of the social and physical world â€Å"generates new locations for the application of power†. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646) Foucault describes two old mechanisms which was widely used, the public execution as an old form of punishment and the actions against plague that emerged in a town. A new type of punishment became popular which aims to punish the soul not the body as it was common before. There is no more physical torture but torture of the soul. These two old mechanisms alien to the latter methods: the usage of new strict rules that determines the prisoner’s life and the new method of control, the idea of the Panopticon which put surveillance from only one place forward. When plague turned up the old system followed the then methods of observation and surveillance, plague was everywhere thus the supporting power must have been mobilized. In this case â€Å"power is mobilized; it makes itself everywhere present and visible; it invents new mechanism; it separates; it immobilizes† etc. o make people act as it was expected in these conditions (because of the plague almost every interactions must have been stopped in the interest of getting rid of the disease). (Foucault, 1975) The Panopticon instead of exercising power from several sides emphasises the importance and perfection of the surveillance focus from one place. The Panopticon is a building which has an annual part in the periphery and a tower in the centre. Next to omitting little details its most important feature is the ability to see into every cells without being visible. The panoptic mechanism arranges spatial unities that make it possible to see constantly and to recognize immediately. † (Calhoun et al. , 2007: 209) The consciousness of being watched make people put on their best behaviour, their best way of acting thus the inmates do not commit any further crimes as it usually occurs that could happen without being watched. The operation of this building gives the opportunity to work with less employees because only a few overseers necessary being in the tower to check all the cells continuously. This way only a few supervisors needed to control these employees thus it is more economical. The supervision of the plague-stricken town would have cost a lot as a complex system ran which needed a big amount of labour force. As techniques develop and new forms of penalty system emerge costs become lesser. Knowledge grows and makes institutions more efficient as knowledge itself is efficient. â€Å"As knowledge grows the techniques of discipline and surveillance multiply such that power takes on an ever-increasing number of forms. † (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646) The question is if knowledge produces more power or comes from power. The major effect of the Panopticon is to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. â€Å" (Calhoun et al. , 2007: 210) Accordingly power is what is functioning all the time and knowledge could not be without presence of power. Although as Faucault (1975) claims: â€Å"power and knowledge directly imply one another; there is no power relation without the correlati ve constitution of a field of knowledge, nor any knowledge that does not presuppose and constitute at the same time power relations†. Thus knowledge and power can not exist independently from each other. Benthams laid down two principles about power relating to the Panopticon: it must be visible and unverifiable. The inmates will constantly have before their eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which they are spied upon and must never know whether they are being looked, but they must be sure that they may always be so. (Calhoun et al. , 2007: 210) These two principles give the opportunity to exercise power over the prisoners. The other very important thing is that this system is not only successful in prison but in every kind of institutions. Could be practiced in school or even in an office, people became successfully regulated by the power if vision. The idea of the Panopticon is a metaphor for the general presence of a new penalty system which is called the disciplinary society by Foucault. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 644) This society is disciplined by being constantly watched and punished by excluded them from normal society. Criminals and those whom do not follow the laid down rules are not punished in front of public anymore. There is no need to express power visibly to gain belief in it. Waters, 1994: 231-232) â€Å"Panopticonseque surveillance has become so effective that individuals now sanction and normalize their own behaviour without any prompting, surveilling and disciplining themselves as if they were simultaneously the inmate and guard of their own self-produced Panopticon. † (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646) What if that surveillance is not that effective and something breaks the discipline? The w hole system can lose its power when turns out that this observation is not accurate. Surveillance must be continuous all the time otherwise people lose their belief in the power of it. Once someone realises that can commit an offence or just do something against the rules without being caught the whole system can be questioned. The best example for this is public cameras all over the streets nowadays, although people know that they are visible whatever they do still commit crimes and do unacceptable things. The offender can not be completely sure about being watched or not. The same situation prevails in a school or office where the employees and students know that they can be lucky and might be not watched. If once punishment does not take place the individual can take under consideration the fact of being always watched thus disciplined behaviour is not guaranteed anymore. Foucault’s genealogical investigation is about to look on how power/knowledge and forms of punishment changed during the past few centuries. â€Å"Until turn of the nineteenth century criminal deviance was controlled by public attacks on the offender’s body. † (Waters, 1994: 231) Public execution was quite common in the 18th Century (although it is still ongoing even today in some countries), â€Å"Foucault identifies such punishments as political rituals†. Waters, 1994: 231) Torture was the expression of power, presented how the offender is punished if commits an offence against the only sovereign power. This sovereign power was one â€Å"centralized authority, like a king†. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 643) According to Foucault punishment went through another two stages since pub lic tortures (which is the first stage). This form of punishment is considered unacceptable nowadays, but not because it goes too far, â€Å"rather it is because punishment and the power that guides it have taken new, more acceptable forms. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 643) Punishment became invisible and kinder to the body, to be disciplined was the point rather than to be punished. The second stage of penal practices was based on surveillance and discipline what was aimed to harm the mind. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 644) Public execution can be considered as a terrible kind of punishment, but torture of the mind is the worst. Physical pain could have been unbearable during these public tortures but psychical pain over years and years is tougher as it has no end. With the birth of prison power started to practice the new, less crucial form of penalty which may be more sinister than it seems. Foucault’s three stages can be distinguished by the time period when that form of punishment were popular, by the basis of authority/power was in power, and by the methods how these punishments were practiced. In the 18th Century, as it was mentioned before, the penalty system was leaded by a central authority which could have been a king or one single corporation of the government. The method was a kind of â€Å"public corporal punishment† that is in Foucault’s Discipline and Punish the public execution, the public torture. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646 Table 15. 2) In addition this torture took place in public. Later on among so many changes torture as a public spectacle disappeared. (Foucault, 1975) The second phase of punishment emerged in the 19th-20th Century when the basis of power was a decentralized institution. Methods were based on surveillance and discipline like in Bentham’s Panopticon or in the plague-stricken town. Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646 Table 15. 2) Today, in the 21th Century we are in the third stage of punishment where there are multiple principles about the authority of the penalty system, multiple self-regulations exist and power is diffusive. The trend of the second phase is intensified in the third. â€Å"Power has become destructed and individualized†, â€Å"disciplinary individuals† turned up . â€Å"No longer are social structures and specific institutions necessary for the exercise of power and the meting out of punishment. (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008: 646) In Discipline and punish Foucault analyses the ways how the offender is disciplined in different punishment regimes. In early times punishments were crude, â€Å"prisons were places into which the public could wander†. (Wheterell et al. , 2001: 78) The latter form of regulation and power became private. Inmates were closed into prisons with an invisible system. Public could not see into these institutions anymore. Punishment became individualized and â€Å"the body has become a site of a new kind of disciplinary regime. Of course this body is not simply the natural body which all human beings possess at all times. † (Wheterell et al. , 2001: 78) Knowledge determines this body, the knowledge about the offence and offender. â€Å"This body is produced within discourse †¦ the state of knowledge about crime and criminal, what counts as true about how to change or deter criminal behaviour†¦ This is a radically historicized conception of the body. † (Wheterell et al. , 2001: 78) Foucault carried out a genealogical analysis of punishment and discipline. This analysis, among others, was based on the power/knowledge relationship which was at least as altering as the forms of the penalty systems were showed in the historical review. Various techniques were used to punish and these techniques were influenced by the exercised power in one place one time. The perfect institution to practice power and discipline/punish offenders is the building of the Panopticon. According to Foucault this building is the answer for all questions turned up with other methods of punishment. Bibliography Appelrouth, Scott and Laura Desfor Edles. 2007. Classical and contemporary sociological theory: text and readings. Pine Forge Press: 641-665. Calhoun, Craig J. , Joseph Gerteis and James Moody. 2007. Contemporary sociological theory. Wiley-Blackwell: 209-216. Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline & punish. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Waters, Malcolm. 1994. Modern sociological theory. SAGE: 217-233. Wetherell, Margaret, Stephanie Taylor, Simeon Yates. 2001. Discourse theory and practice: a reader. SAGE.